B MMPE HAYRU SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Ysganue Ha pycckom A3biKeWWW. SCIAM-MAGAZIN Hosoe 8 pobororexunke Tpaexmopua Oeuaenun pyKu po6oma He 3aeucum om epemexu. HedasHo 6 HayuHO-uccnedogamenbcKUux sabopamopuax gupmei General Motors NPUOYMaAU, Kak c@A3aM pabouyro mpaeKmopuro U epemA, umoGbl pobom NpoxoOUA no 3moli MpaeKmopuu U BoInonHAN HeOOxoOUMble Onepayuu, He 6bIXOOA 3 YCMAHOBNeHHbIe Npedenbl napamempoe OeusKeHUA. Pac |, acer eo py pote Mewes Np Puc. 2. Perini POC NPI FB pu. 1: Tai wane prey So “lt Kyioa ans = I, Ma IV . ge on i. a > on fo 2 ox 3 ‘on. Bo a penn, € 'yka NpOMBUUeRHOTO poGoTa — TMpeBocxoanssit HNCTPyMeHT 218 MHOFOKPATHOTO BEITOMHEHH TOUX onepauitl. PoSot co ceapounsim a- TapaToM, KpackonymeTOM nH CxBa- ‘TOM, MOXeT pa3 3a pasoM BLINOMEATE cwapxy » HyxHOM Mecre, OxpalLMBaTE ‘onpemenenmuiii ysactox nosepxxioctHt uTH yeTawaBnuBaTs, Kaxyio-nHGO e- ‘Tamb B agannoe Mecto. 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Lembo a-pa Mapnua 6x10 cie- ats MHHHMATSHBIM BpeMa HEN (x. & Bpems, Koropoe TpebyeTen po- Gory, wroGsi nposecrm pyry no Bceit ‘Tpaekropmn), ocTapasck B mbanasoHe nOnycTHMBIX’ Haven napaMeTpos aBWKeHHA. ‘Acp Mopun samernn, «To mpi no- exe COOTBETCTBHA, KOTOPOC NOsBONA- eT Tounlo BuIpAsITE BpeMR Yepes Napa- MeTp roamumonmposanma Kak t=h(7), xapaxrep npoGnemst MeHReTCS Ht OHA ‘OxASEIBAETCR CBAIANHOM He CTONBKO C ‘TeopHell YMpABNeHHAR, CKO:TEKO C TeO- heli wemmHetiHof onrtmasaruin. Pac- cMarpnpan dyno g(r)=h’(r), npo- HaBostnyto h no 7, 2-p Mapitn crhopay- mMpoan npoGnemy cacmyIUKM 06- avon: minunaramponar (a(z)dr"pit orpauuestax, HaxnasbtBaeMrx cytiecrnonaken suianaaona wonycTi- MbIx napaneTpoB sBIKeHIIR poBoTa. ‘DTH orpanuYeHHA — NpeneAbHBIC 3Ha- ‘tents ekopocri, yexoperti, spamaio- ero MoMeHTa H ckopocTa WaMeneu yexopenua (pac. 2) — moryt 6eiTe Ipescrasnenst ® Bite Hepascxcrs 1 auddepeniarsiol opMe H BbIpa- >xaloTeA Hepes HesapecTHyio yinauHO 8(7) 8 anne g(0) 204s, &, 8’, 8°) mpH 7410, 1) nm npencrasnrs ory sanayy B AucKpeTHoi opme, e¢ MoxHO 3AHOAHTS B KOMIIOTEp”H peulaTe uncnenHo. [ostomy 2-p Mapu 3ame- vit nenspecTayo dbynxtto ee xyCON- Hoft kyOnueckol! annpoxcumaluell. ‘370 no3BonseT BecTH TOHCK He- WSBeCTHOK YHKUMH B Kmacce dyHK- HH, KOTOPEIe NOMHOCTEIO Onpeslens- JOTCH KOHC4YHBIM YHCTOM KOXDOHUHEH- ‘TOB B pasnoxeHHH no B-cruialtnam. 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Cooticr90 MOHOTOHHOCTH, MpHcyulee ITOH 3ama- ‘de, Hapaay co cBoficTBaMH MeTona ari- Tpoxcinratuin nowBonmioT npeaTono- To, ¥TO HaHaySUMNOM anrOpHTMOM Peter sanzercn npocrofl MeTOx xamecxoro KoopautieTHoro cnycea. «Eco 8 apyrix 3aavax 3707 an TOpHTM He Tak 9bbeKTHBeH, TO aH HOMy Kiaccy Mpobrem on NOKOCTEIO ynosnersopser, — oTmexaer 1-p M>- put. — Heckombko Monnduumponait- BIR ¢ WemBIO OGeceMHTE cyulecTBO- ‘Baxwe npuOmexeus 9ToT MeTOM Nip BoANT —K MOcmenoBATesBHOMY Geicrpomy peuienno sanaum». PaGoran p xowraxre c MaTeMarit- xan us Pexteneposckoro nomTexit- Meckoro muetuTyra, J-p MapHii npo- nomxaeT yOexarscx B nonesHOCTH gToro Merona. IIpx cpaBtientiax ¢ 13- pectin OSuuiMm onTHMNGALHION- "HBINH MeTOMaMH CneuMaMHBIH METOR oxassinarten Gonee 3fcbexTHBHEIM. «Mon ccrenosannn no napa- Merpu3ammit paGovell TpaexTopin — sun wacTs paGor, BemtyumHKcR B dmp- Me General Motors, — nonsepxusaet sp Mopinn, — Muorwe acnextss saza- MH B Taxol NOcTaHOBKe BBITEKAIOT 13 aGoT mio cosnamuto Gonee Gsictperx ‘Touneix po6otos. StH npobnesst BOSHMKIH B Xone HecmenOBaHU, NpO- BosluMbix 2-pom P. TypoM i Marea THMecKOrO OTMIeNa H cram OcHOBO! iA BaxHUAX PesyabTATOB No ynpaBTe- io i pacweTy mBwKeKR PoSoTOB. Tloxa nce anemenrst wcenenosa- suite oOvemnneus1 B mpoHSBONCTBEH- Holl CHICTEMe, aT» BCECTOPONHOK ‘oueuxy 20H paGore tpynwo. Ho scH0, 4TO Ha TIOMOMET CHHSHTS MpoHD- BORETHCHHBIE 3ATPATEI H TOBBICHTS xavecTBo BbinyckaeMoll HAM NpO- yxy. General Motors KTO ECTb KTO Z-p C. Mapun — crap waysnniit COTpYAHHK MaTeMaTHYecKOrO OTAEA aysHo-MccnenOBaTeNBCKHX sIaGopa- ‘Toputi bupmst General Motors 1 pyKo- BOMWTeNS cekTOpa MaTeMaTH¥ecKorO aHa/IH3a M BLINMCHeHHil B 9TOM OT Lene. TL-p Mapmn saxonsun Kone Ca. Brnicenta 8 Jlarpobe, wr. Mencuns- aus, Crete maruetpa i 20KTopa Gunocopmn B oGnacTH maTewaTHKi nonyau1 8 Yuupepcwrere Kapnera- Menon. B nepoa Mexay nomyuen- (€M 9THX MBYX Hay4HEIX cTeneHel 1-p Mopar cayakit MopcKHM omiuepom, mpenionabaa Matematuxy B Lxone suteptioro ‘pxoTa. C1978 r., korna on npHulen B @up- my General Motors, a-p Mapun saitt- MaeTes Hccnenonanmsnn 8 oGnacTH sucneHHoro aMamia H annpoxcuMa- ust. Ox ony6mmxonan paory o can Tix ACLU ¢ PasMHEHBIM MPH ranHIMH OGMACTAMM, BKTIONAR PO- Gororexsimxy, mpoexTuposanne reo- METPHECKIX KPHBBIX H AKYCTUR, TL-p Mapun — sex O6urecrsa npo- ‘MBILUICHHOM H mpHknanHol MaTema- ‘THKH. On xkHBeT B Poyectep-Xuane, ut. Muuurav, ¢ xeHoll H JByMs neToMat,B MHUPE HAYRU Scientific American . U3qaHue Ha pyCCKOM A3bIKe MAJIOCTPHPOBAHHBIA KY PHAR TEPEBOA C AHPAMACKOTO- BEIXOAMT 12 PAS BFOA- H3AETCH C1983 TOMA OAATENBCTBO «MHIP» MOCKBA N° 7 - WlONb 1988 B xHomepe: CTATBM (Scientific American, May 1988, Vol. 258, No. 5) 6 3arpA3HeHue BOsAyxa B NOMeeHMAX umonu B. Hepo-maaouiuit Konuiestpauiis npoayktop cropanita, TOKCHUHGIX BeMIECTS i PAIHOAKTHBHBIX 97eMeHTOR Gombilie B TOMEILERHAX, YeM Ha OTKPBITOM osayxe. Hy:kHO st CnesHT® 3a COcTaROM BOsMyxa B TIOMeMeMKAX? A ec HyAHO, TO Kax? OuleHKH BOIMOXHBIX OMfacHOcTell HOMOTAlOT OTBETHTS Ha 06a Bonpoca 14 CkaTbi cBeT Puyapm 3. Caawep, Beprapo tOpke ‘@aykTyAUNIH CBeTOBLIX BOK, T. €. KBAHTOBEI LYM, IHMHTHPYIOT TOMHOCTS OnTHYCcKHX HBMepeHHit. [IpoGeMy MO>KHO peut nyTeM crna@kuBaHHA WaCTH BONHBI 3a CUeT yBENMUeHHA IyMa B OCTABUIelics ee act 22 MaktTop HeKpo3a onyxonen aoe Hx. O20 Bneppsie 370 neutecTao Gino neHTHpHuNpoBAKIO Gnaronaps ero Mporipoonyxonesolt akTHEHOCTH. B MOCKEAHee BPEMA BRIACHIENOCB, HTO OHO ABRETCH OOHUM 13 NpencTaBHTeNeH Uenoro cemelicTBa Genkos, KoopanHUPyIOUMIX cAOKHYIO PeaKUIKO OpraHIaMa Ha NoBpexNeHHME Hm ‘MHEKUHIO Y VY | 32 Unsepeun apesrero marnutHoro nona — Kniou kK reojuHamMo Kennem Xogigman Bs3Ko 51H MarHHTHOE none 3emsIH K cMeHe NonApHOcTH? Moxa Ha 3TOT BONPOC OTBETA HET, HO H3YNeHHE TOPHEIX MOPON, HAMATHHYEHHBIX B APEBHHX TEOMATHHTHBIX NOFAX, MOMOTAeT NOHATS MEXAHH3M, JIeAALLAF B ocHope HHBepcHiiYTKOHOC Mepeun Ipugigume ‘STO ApesHee MieKonHTaloMlee yaUBHTeNBHO cheuHanH3upoBaHo. B ero KIOBe IMEIOTCR MexAaHO- Ht 371eKTPopeuerrTopEl, MOMOTAIoUe EMY HaXOAUTb AOGBIYY, H OHO cNOCOGHO perysNpOBAT TeMmepatypy Tena AMINE, eM MHOTHe MALeHTapHBIe MneKOMMTaIOULte 50 Asporenn Hoxen Dpuxe ‘STH HeOGEIUHBIE MaTepHaTB! NPOspayHBt H HCKTOMHITENBHO MOpHCTEI, MpH¥eM NOUTH Bech HX OGLEM MPHXORHTCA Ha NOPE! H JH Manas wacTb — Ha TBepgoe BeutecTB0. HeoGbiusias crpykTypa asporenelt onpenenser ux 3araqounble cBoficTBa, KOTOPHIe Hayka TOMBKO-TONBKO vawitiaeT HccmelOBaTe Occyapu Ha NonyoctpoBe VnquaH-Hek ‘pencuc TT. Maxmanamon, Haceume Y. pseu Tpynnosoe saxoponeniie ThicaeneTHero Bospacta, OGHapyxKeHHoe Ha nonyoctpose Kefin-Koz, apisetcs nepabi naviGonee yGeanTenbHEIM CBIMLeTENLCTHOM cytIeCTBOBAHHIR OceMTOTO HACesIeHHA Ha 1O7KHOM noGepexbe Hosoft Auraust 3a HecKOABXO CTONETHH 20 NpuxoNa Tyna esponefitien TatiHa KocMonorM4eckon NOCTORHHOM Jlappu A6Gommn Vis Teopuut cneayer, TO MOcTOsHHas, XapakTepH3yroUlaN 3Heprito BAKYYMa, LomKHa GbITb ropasiI0 GosIbe, 4eM MPHHATO B HacTosuce apems. lonumake Toro NpOTHBOPEYHA MoxXKET KOPeHHEIM O6pa3oM MOBAMSTE Ha OcHOBEI u3HKH PYBPHKH 5 O6 aBTopax 21, 40, 56, 78, 84,90 Hayka uv o6wecTBO 74 Hayka BoKpyr Hac 80 3aHuMaTenbHbIA KOMNBIOTep 86 KHuru 93 50 v4 100 net Hasaq 95 Bu6nuorpacuanSCIENTIFIC Ha o6noxKe AMERICAN ‘Jonathan Piel ~ Myers PRESIDENT AND PUBLISHER BOARD OF EDITORS ‘Armand Schwab, Jr. Timothy Appenzeller Timothy M. Beardsley John M.Benditt, Laurie Burnham David L.Cooke, Jr.; Elisabeth Corcoran > ‘Ari W.Epstein, Gregory R. Greenwell 2 John Horgan, June Kinoshita; COKATbIN CBET Philip Morrison (Book EDITOR) Ricki L.Rusting, Karen Wright Ha o60xxe ws0GpaxKeHbt 37IeKTPHYECKHE Hl MATHIETHBIe TOK, H3 KOTOPEIX co- ‘Samuel L. Howard (CTOWT nyyoK «cxaTOro» cera (cM. cTaTBIO P. Cnamepa, B. FOpxe «Cxarsif ci ‘ART DIRECTOR er» nac. 14). BepTuxambisie omits w20OpaxaloT MarHHTTHOE Nlone, FOPHIOHTA:TE- Richard Sasso ble — anexTpmveckoe none, compan — ux cyMmy. BenencTBMe aBecTHOTO B DIRECTOR OF PRODUCTION KeaTOBOM MeXAHUKe MPHHUWNA HeoMpeneseNHOCTH TOsIA He HMEIOT B KAXUIIi SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC, _MOMEHT zpement onpeenennoro sHa¥enun: onn npencTannaioT coGoll cKopee pas- MBITBIe, @ He TOHKME AMHN. OHH “CKATHID: MACTS KAXKAOFO M3 HX HMeCT Claus-Gerhard Firchow PRESIDENT AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER OONBIUYIO CTeMieH ONPeTeAeHHOCTH (TOBIN), WeM OcTasIbHaR YaCT - Georg-Dieter von Holtzbrinck CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD Gerard Piel (CHAIRMAN EMERITUS © 1988 by Scientific American, Inc. ‘Tonapusih anaxScientific American, ero Texcr H mipid'rosoe obopmaciHe snnnota wekmiostrenion cooeraeMocT310 Scenic Americans Ine. Ynntocrpayun icnomsonanhaecb 8 cocrDeTeTauR ONOKKA: George V. Kelvin, Science Graphics meanness AOFOROpON CTP. ABTOPIMCTOUHMK CTP. ABTOP/MCTOUHMK CTP, ABTOP/MCTOYHIK B MUPE 7 David Scharf 30 Murray Greenfield 81 Stanley S. Miller Z 8-13 George Retseck 33-39 Ian Worpole 82 David Wiseman HAYRH 1549 George V.Kelvin, 43 M.Prenzel, Keoeray)) Besdee -——— Science Graphics Animals Animals milan TABI PEA ; 83 Laurie Grace, ¢ EERIE MOEN cae! eae Paspewen len Coley avid C. Fritts, ascaux Graphics oven anderen ‘Nauts, Cancer ‘Animals Animals ag Ronavea’ GR yapnoon Reseach Intute (oepay: Meron “A Pynnrivesa A.M.CMoTpOB area Bee riffiths (entay) a Cees «8 Pavia) me MB. Cypososa tOes (ose) 51 Quesada/Burke Xo AOECTHENHIIA PEAAKTOP 25 Andrew Christ CA.Crynoe ndrew Christi¢ 59 Thomas C. Moore JAREAVIOUIAR PEAAKUHER 28 Carol Donner (ooepxy) Wolfram ‘NI Opanin-KaweneuRan (caepx,); Michael Gérltz, University PYKOROANTERH FPYTITA COTONABOPA A.Gimbrone, J, of Wirzburg 8.C.Fankii| Harvard Medical (onusy) ae Seho0l (OH) 63685 Thomas C Moore horeeioe 27 Murray Greenfield 59 Nai National Park cooruatmncenserrrscesorokanatin 2% Ceol Donner Seri MT OKyKoB 6063 Tom Prentiss TENeTeien eke 29 Edward A. Havell om Eiets 8.8 Emon and Robert 64 The Champlain a J.North, Trudeau ‘Society MaPEC PEAKE Institute, Ine. : 129820, Moora, Fh. 1 Promcnt ep, 2 Institute, Ine, 8772 Joe Lertola mouree B.Willamson, "78 Charles A Knight See Memorial Sloan- == Memorial Sloan- 76:77 Michael Goodman wodopmenue, «Mup», 1988 Center (enusy) 80 David WisemanO6 abmopax Anthony V. Nero, Jr. (QHTOHH B. HEPO-MIAUIMA — «Barpasenne Rowayxa B roMeUleHHRx») — FaBHbill uccnenoBaTens Ml cOpykoBomuTenb ‘«nporpaMMis 10 BeHTHARUME 3naKKt KOHTpomio KauecTRa BO3AXa B oMeUle- Huax» B JloypercoscKon a6oparopun pu Kannopunficxom yuusepcurere 8 Bepxau. Monyuun noxtopcxyio crenexs no gusuxe B Crambopucxom yxusep- curere s 1971 r. umpoftas craxkuponKy B Kanmopxufickom —Texionornweckom MNCTHTYTe, Cran MOUEHTOM GHHKH B Tipuuctoncxom yuusepeutere. B Jloy- Pevcoscroft naGoparopun paGotaer c 1975 r. Hepo, Koropsift mpopaGoran onus ron B AreHTeTse no KoHTpOIIO Hal BOOPY>KEHHAMH H PASOPYKEHIIO H §MaNLCAA PYKOBONCTBO TO AEpHEIM pe- aKToPam, FOBOPHT, WTO Ha NPOTAKEHHH MHOTHX nleT oH Roe c BONbIHM HHETepe- COM cHeuMT 3a TeM, KaKile Mepis npMH- MaeT O6uiecTBO B OGNACTH OxpaHbt oxpyxkaioutelt cpembt m 30poBba. Richart E. Slusher, Bernard Yurke (PH- MAPT 9. CIIAIIEP, BEPHAP/ 10P- KE «Cxarbif coer») — usinn-axcrie- puwentaropst 8 AT&T Bell Laborato- ries. Crenems aoxropa duiocodun Cai ep nonywnn 8 Kanwboprnficxon yat- nepcwrere Bepkam 8 1965 r., ro 3a- HuMateR iByNeHMeM manMonelicTBMA nasepuoro csera ¢ nonynpowomiikamtt, ‘Thepmbi renves, ruiasMoll TOKOMAKa H Tonnbinan ny:axann. B HacTomutee Bpe- Msi OH BoTsiagnseT OTZen dusuKK TBEP- ‘oro Tera WKBaHTOBOR QUSHKH B UPME Bell Laboratories, re waysaer ynna- MeHTABHBIE Pee OMTHMECKIX He- -aueRwocrelt warepna.ion. 1Opxe nony- sua crenens noxtopa dunocodun » Kopsennckom yunseperete » 1983 r. B upmy Bell Laboratories on npmuien ¢ HaMePeHIEM BONTOUIATS cBOH MHOTO- “micnenbe uneH To reHepaUwH H nETeK- ‘Tuponarto cKATOTO cBETA. 3€Cb 1 DO- _nuocs non0TBopHioe cOTpyAHHYeCTBO ‘abyX 9KcnlepuMeHTaTopos. B Hactos- ee spews nposonmie KOpxe axcnepit- MexTBI cBx3aNBI c TlOMY¥EHHEM C2KATOTO ‘MuixpoBosTHOBOTO HYEHHA TPH CBEPX- uaRnx TeMmepaTypax. Lloyd J. Old UUIOMD Dok. O11 «bax ‘Top HeKpO3a ONYXone!t») — OME 13 Be- ‘yx chleuMaNHCTOB NO MpoTHBOCNy- xonewoMy HMMyHuTeTy B OHKOnOrHue- ‘ckoM nettTpe uM. Cloana—KerTepnsra 8 Hiio-opxe, rae on paGoraer ¢ 1958 r. nocne nony¥euna creneHH 20- ropa memuunies B MeHUMHCKOM WIKO- sie Kanubopiiticxoro yunpepcutera. C 1973 no 1983 r. ncnomiia Os3aRHOCTH bHue-npeamsienTa M aaMecrHtTens 2upe- ropa 110 paaBnrmo HaywntLix Hccres0- Raw B OMKONOTHYECKOM MHCTHTYTE aim. Cnoana—Kerrepmnra. Mocnensne 20 net sauuMaeTes B OCHOBHOM alTHTe- Nasu, crieundHusiin 2219 onyxonesbix KNETOK; sYWaeT aNTHTenbHBIM OTBeT Ma onyxomesbie KeTKH MPH MemaHOMe PaspaGarnipaer paxUMnYy npoTuB Mera Hop. Ona Take HavambHHK MenH- ‘ausicxofl cnyx6bi OxKonornyecKoro it~ cTuryra, nom 3rH0lt KoToporo BenyTea uecneloBaiit — MpoTMBooNyxoseBoro uMynureTa. Kenneth A, Hoffman (KEHHET A. XOOMAH «Hpepcun apeanero Mar- uuTHoro lon — xmio¥ x reonmna- Mo») — nposbeccop dbusiist 8 Tonnrex- uueckom yuupepcurere uit. Kanubop- nua 8 Can-Slywc-O6ucno 4 penaxrop “Journal of Geophysical Research” (no naykam 0 TRepgoft 3emsie H nnaneTax). (Crenens Gaxastappa no diramke nonysiit 8 196 r., crenens aoxTopa dutocodunt BoGnactu reoduswxs — w 1973 r. (Ty H apyryio 8 Kanndopiuticxom yuupep- currere » Bepxsu)). Tocie 3roro cram posarea 5 MunuecoTcKo yunpepcuTe- Te, a8 1974 r. nepeusen 8 Tloawrexnuve- ‘cxntl yxupepenrer. C xonua 70-x rox0B 3aHMMAeTCR B OCHOBHOM Hay¥eHHeM Mpotiecca mipepenit reoMariueTHorO 110- 118i; OH ABTOP H COABTOP OcmeMHHX Tex HOKIAM0B TIO HHBEPCHAM, cOcTaBNEe- MBIX pas m eTBipe rona Hanwonany- HbiM KommTeTOM CIA MexayHapon- Horo reoneamyeckoro H reoguraHueckoro coosa. B nacromuiee npema veneT ni HeOMarHUTHBIE MCcHeHOBAHUR Ha OCT- pose Monoxan (wr. Fasafiu) «wa oct- pose Petonbon » Miutickom oxeane. Mervyn Griffiths (MEPBUH TPHo- @UTC «¥rKowve») ao 1975 r. Gein pe- AYUUIM Hay4HBIM COTPYAHNKOM oTZeMa ‘no Oxpave aUKHX xuBOTHBIX OpraHitsa- unu crpan Conpyxxecrsa nauift no Ha YAHbIM M MPOMBILNEHMBIM HecTeETOBa- ua (CSIRO) 8 Awcrpanun. B Hacror- lulee Bpema OH Ha nlencHH HB KaYeCTDE NONeTHOrO —May¥HOTO —coTpyasuKa CSIRO u npurnamennoro corpyanuKa Ulkoms Meauumcxx nccnenonasttl Zbx. Kaprena Ascrpanuficxoro wauio- WambHoro yausepewrera saMuMacTea Mayuennem naxTause y OMMOMPOXOANBIX wt cymuarix. Crenewn Gakatanpa, Mi THeTpa # LokTopa noaywun B CunHen- ‘cKoM yaunepewrere c 1937 no 1959 r. B TOT NepHon YeTbIpe Tona CYA B apcrpasuiickol anna. B 1959 r. 1a- wan pa6orars » CSIRO; tam on u gauni- ‘TepecoBastcn IBOTOUWe! CYMUATRIX. H AMUCKAALYULNX MsIeKOTMTAIONIHX. Jochen Fricke (HOXEH PHKE «Agporenn») — mpodeccop axcnepH- Metranbuon dusuxn » Biopu6yprcxons yxusepewrere (DPT). Crenens n0xropa 5 Qunccopun no dyaKKe nonyMHA B 1967 r. 8 MiouxencKoM TexnmMeckom yunpeperrrete. 3areM Ba roza pa6oran 8 Tlutte6yprcKom yanipepcutete B Ka- NecTme cTaxepa-necnenonatens. C 1970 r. Gein penaxTopom Hemeuxoro ‘usutseckoro xkypana “Physik in unse- rer Zeit”. Haysnbte nrepecsi Dpuke 8 HacTOmUIee BPeMA cocpenoTOYeHD Ha ‘OnTHMt3atn XaPaKTepHCTHK MaTepUa- son nag cynepycHneniol TentoMs0n8- Us, CBOHLCTBAX BEICOKONOpHCTEIX THEp- ABIX MaTepHaTOB M BOMPOCAX bUBHIE- coro nono6ns. Larry Abbott (IAPPH ABBOTT «Tafa KocMonornueckoRt noctomi- Hol») — uaux, aouceHT Ynwepcureta Bpavetica. Crenenb noxtopa duioco- ‘bum 8 oGnactn duanKH nonyunn B TOM 2Ke yuupepcuTere 8 1977 r. CoTpyain- Kom 3Toro yuuBepcuTeta cram B 1979 r. nocie Toro, Kak HeKoTOpoe BpeM pabo- ‘Tan B CranhopacKom yexopurentHom uewTpe # Exponeficxoft opranwsaumn snepHeix uccnetonanutt (LIEPH) 5 Ke- neve. AGGorr muuter 0 ce6e: «Tlocnes- le HECKONBKO Jer 8 3aHHMalOCe MpHME- HeHMEM HOBBIX Hueft GbuSHKH WaCTHK 8 Kocmosormu u paGoTato na npo6nema- Mi MHQnAUHOKHOM KocMonorBuecKOmt Monems, TeMHoro BeulecTBa H KpyMHO- MacurraGolt crpykrypsi BeeneHHofl. Hintepecytock Taxxke mpomtemoft Koc- MonorH¥ecKoR mocTomHHOR. HesaBHio Mawan wsy¥aTb maHHse HaGmomenHit © MloToKe HeltTpHHO OT cBepxHOROM 1987 A un saunrepeconance dicauKolt effrpoHHBIx cHeTeM». Francis P. McManamon, James W. Bradley (PEHCHC Il. MAKMAHA- MOH, JDKEVIMC Y. BP3JUIM «Occy- apnit Ha nonyoctpose Muuan-Hex») Ga npunumann ywactue » packonkax occyapix H pyrHx oGseKToB 0 Mpo- TpamMe necrenonansft HantionanHoft napxonoll cnya6st CIA Ha nobepexbe Nonyocrposa Kefin-Kon. Maxsana- MOH, Bo3TAapasiomst apxeonoruve- ckoe oTaenenne HanionansHoft napKo- Bolt cnyxx6u1, nonyaun crerlen 20KTOpa unocodun B Hyio-Mopxcxom yunpep- curere » Bumrxomntone 8 1984 r. Ins- ‘TenbHoe BPema wy¥aeT oHCTOpHNe- ckHR niepuon cenepo-nocroKa CIA 1 yuacrayeT m nporpaMe Coxpanientta 1 TOpMYecKHX NaMATHHKOB. HenasHo Ha- an 3aHWMATECR APXeOnOTHYECKHMH HC- cnenoBaHHAMH THXOOKeaHCKOTO TOGe- Pexea CLA. Bpannt asnaetcn smpe- KTOPOM To BonpocaM naaKHpoRaHUR MporpaMMbi cOxPaHteHin HCTOPHYECKHX namaTHKoe HcTopmieckoft KoMHccHt urr. Maccauycerc. Crenews noKtopa nonywna s Cupaxysckom yuBepcuTeTe. Muorue Tpyabi nocaauiens! nepssim KonTakram muelites c esporefitianss 5 Mpoueccy KynbTypHbIx usMeHeH B Pe- 3YMbTATe STHX KOHTAKTOB.3arpx3HeHHe BO3yxa B IIOMeLICHHAX KoHyeHTpayna NpogyKTOB CropaHuA, TOKCHYHbIX BeL|eCTB M1 pagquoakTUBHbIX 9NeMeHTOB Conbule B NOMeWeHUAX, 4eM Ha OTKpbITOM BosAyxe. HyXkHO NM CheAUTb 3a COCTaBOM BO3AyXxa B NOMeWjeHUAX? A eC HYXKHO, TO Kak? O@HKU BO3MOKHBIX onacHocTev nomoralvT OTBETHTb Ha 06a Bonpoca SHTOHM B. HEPO-MNAQUNN BIBPOCbI 3 Tpy6 3anogon # Bessie: seeceae cers & a ee G6uochepsi Bueno. C y¥eToM 9TOFO BO aur o6pasHmie Mepsi As18 BbIMBNIeHHA H KOH- Sake eeergenas See ae KILTIIBX, & ‘peaynpexkaa» wx 0 BOSMODKHBIX om1ac- HOcT#K, OcTaRAAg 3a HIMH MpABO MpH- NHMATD WK He MpHNUMATS COOTBETET- sBylouime Mepst. XOTA MOKHO HOMEHITE cylecTBytO- ile crpowrenbubie HopsEt, TOs (HIHTS BepOsTHOCTS speaMepHOrO 32- TpsOHENHR B HOBMIX 3naNniRX, HANH YE MOCTPOEHHLIX ZOMOB, B KOTOPEIX KOMUeHTPALMA BpeaHEIX s10K SOpOBER nemecra 5, 10 naxce » 100 pas mpenst- ulaeT cpeaniit yposes, onpaBmbBaeT ‘RonTKu, Hanpasnenubte wa pbisB ene ‘TaxWX tOMOB. StH YeumtHA MoryT Me DECTH K HOMeNeHIUAM ynOBHH B COTHAX ‘Tete aan 8 CUIA u morpeGosaTs Passeprbisania nporpaMist no oxpanie oxpyxatouell cpem 8 weGxipabix Mac- urraGax. Pasmax Toft mporpanost, asHoobpaswe anannil, woMeHYMBOCTS KoWUeHTPauHfl BpenHbIx peulecTS, ¢ On- Holl cTOpouEI, YueT MHUHOTO BEIGOpa K@XNOTO WesIOBeKA, onacHOCTell a8 3.oposba H yao6erB, npenocTaBnaeMsix 2xmTMULeM, C APYFOM CTOpOHEI, neNAIOT Paspaborky sddbexTusiolt u «uypcTeH- TenbHOM r06anbHoR crparerst KOH "Tpomia 3a kaecTBOM BO3zyxa B MoMeNLIE- MAX HcKIOMHTeNSHO TpyaKOH 3anavel Kak M18 HiccneOBaTenbCKHX Opraiisa- Mh, Tak H sis TocyaapeTaeNueIX opra~ Hop. APPASHSIOUIME vewiecrsa, KoTo- BIE MOXKHO OGHApYAxHTS B NoMeMte- HHAX, CKOAHBI C TeMHt, 4TO MpHcyTeTBy- 1OT Ha OTKPBITOM BOsaTyXe, Hm HeKOTO- DBIX cnY¥aAK HX HCTONNMK AlefleTBHTe TE Ho AeKUT cHapyoeu. OaHaKo peulecTBa c HanGomulmMn KoHUeHTpauuaan —06- asylOTCA Bce~TAKH B CAMIIX ITHX NOME MLEHHAX HAH B KaKHX-TO nOACOGHEIK crpoennsx. Crosth BbICOKHX KOHUeHTPa- ‘uf OM aocTHraIoT NoTOMy, “TO mO- CTynaior B orpannvennttt OGbEM, OTKY- a He MoryT 6nicTPo yaaNaTbcs. (Onno m3 wanGonee HanecTanx 3arpa3- HAIOUIMX BeIECTS B TloMeUIeHHAX — 370 TaGaunsift bIM, KOTOpEIM cOcTOHT H3 oprannyeckix asposoneft — Kpouiey- DIX BOBEMIEHHLIX B BOINYXE WaCTHU (OC HOBHEIMH TOKCHUHEIMH BeUlecTBAMH T2- Gawnoro s1bIMa ARNAIOTER TEM He MeHee He asposomm, a rasoopasHute KoMMO- HeHTEI — oxcHn yrnepoma, Naps! HHKO- Tua, OKCHIbI a30TA, amMmnaK H Op. — Ped.). AvamorusHo OTOMHTeNbHbIe CH (CTEMBI HL KYXOHHIe MLIMTHI, BKOTOPHIX B kaecTBe TONAMBA HcTOM3yIOTCR MpH- POnHLIA ras, KepociH, Maco, Hers st Aposa (a B HeKoTOpLIx cTpaHax Topo, YEON H KIRK), ABIAIOTCR HCTOMMEKAMH \aCTH, MOryUMX NONaZaTs B Opranb AIBIXAHUA, @ TakxKe OKCHOB yrnepona H a30Ta M_CHeNOBKIX OpraMituecKHX Be uecTB. K MeHiee H3BeCTHLIM 3arps3HAI0- LIM BeulecTBaM B TIOMeMeHHSX OTHO-caTea MeTHAeHXTopma, dopmamtsaeri 1 orposoe wntcno Goriee enoxkitEix op- TaNHWECKHX HeULeCTB, KOTOPHe BbULEAR- WoTes 13 CTPONTeNBHBIX MaTepHAION MeGenl, MHCTAUX cpeneTS, necTHUN- OB, Kpacok, pacreopureneii m1. a. B Ccrapbix 0Max B BOIAYxe MOXHO O6H PYKHTS acGecTOBLIe HOnOKHa, OTPHIBA- loulweck oF TenmiowsomMpyIouMNx MaTe- puasos. K sarpssumoun sewecrsan OTHOCaTea NpOAYKTBI AHaHEnEsTEABHO- (CTH xcuab1x OpranieaMon (BkmIOvaa wen0- pera. — Ped.) u nexotopuie opramis Bi, KaK TaxOBBe, Hampumep GaxTepuit, rpuOst u Knew. Ho, noxanyf, caMsin HRTHBIM JLT MHOTHX THOReH BBR ceTea OTKPEITHE, HTO SEMA, Ha KOTOPOR TORT Hx J0Ma, — 9To OBOTEHO MoM- ‘if ucTOWNUK panoHa — pamHoaKTHB- Horo rasa, KoTOpsIM OGpaayeTca mpHt anwoaxTHBHOM pacnate panna, npH- eyTeTBylouiero 8 3eMHOM Kope 10! MECTHO B C7EROBBIX KOTH¥ECTRAX. Konuewtpanun 2rax aarpsonsiouunx eUeCTB, KOTOPHE OTH BoerAa NH CYTCTBYIOT B NOMEWIeHHAX, BapSHNPyIOT 8 Gomumux npenenax — xak 8 xHTML, TAK MB aNMuMeTpATUBHEX InaHUAX. (Outs sasnesr rnapubim o6pa30m oF TO- To, ¢ KaKoll ckKopocTHIO 3arpasHmIOUE BeMlecTBA NOCTYNAIOT BHYTPS 32aHNE (Hanpunep, » nome, rae oTomuTensias cHcTeMa H KYxOHHBIE TLMHTEI CHAG EHSL BLITAMKOM, KOHLICHTPaLLNN POAYKTOB cropaums, kak npaswzo, nenemuxa). Uo KAcQeTOR KOHKPETHO paloNa, TO H3Me~ euua, nposezenusie 5 xouue 1970-x ro- nos 8 100 nomax » CIA, nontsepauu, ‘TO WaMeHHBOCT KOHCHTpALHI 90: ro rasa onpeneaserca rasubim oGpa- ‘30M pasminueM w cKOpoCTH ero nlocTy- eHHR B NOMA, |EPAC met aiiaeM, #70 paloK mpo- HHKAET B MOM BMECTE C BO3ZIYXOM, xOTOpHIA BAITAIMBZeTCR HE OMBSI ‘BcnesicTaHe pasMubl B NANEHHAX BHyT- Pit # ave noMa. Sra pasnuua, KOTOpAR sue zocturaer 1 0,0001 ars, HosHuKaeT oraactu Gnaronapa 3%bexTy «u1b1Moxo- ay, cBmAHHOMY ¢ TEM, NTO Tem BOSIYX BCeTHa CTPeMUTER MOBHATECR. (ror abbexr aexuT w ocHose aeficT- ‘ita a1MOBOH TpyGu1.) Taxis O6pasOM, 'W3-3a TOFO 4To BHYTH NOMEMLEHAN Ten ee, YeM CHApYAKH, BOSAYX CTPEMHTCR IMpOHHKHYTE B JIOM B HIDKHIOIO er YacT 1 naiffTH yepes nepx (npoxons yepes ‘Qyunamenr, cress 1 xpstiuy). 370 oKa- MENKVE OPTAHM3MBI, xweyune 8 OBBINHOA AOMOBOA Niiny, TaKMe KaX Keun (a8epxy), rpMOu! (8 cepegmne) ‘Gakrepmu (aHH3y), MOXHO OTHECTH K 3a- FPRAMRIOMWM —BeWECTSAM, —NocKONEKY ‘OH, KAK H CONbUMHOTSO OOLIYHEIX 32- DAGHAIOUMX BEUISCTB, MOTYT BBIBHIBATS lanneprnveckyio PeaKuwo W ADYTHe sa- Goneaanns. WVWW.SCIAM-MAGAZINE.NAROD.F8 B MMPE HAYKM-1988/N? 7 auimaeTcs BosMoxHEIM GnaronapR KH (bus TpaunH Bosmyxa Yepes pasnHHEIE jen M HenAOTHOCTH, B ocoGeHHOCTH BOKPYT OKOHHEIX H AREDHBIX pam, a TaK- 2Ke TPyG M 9uIeKTPonposonKH. PasHutiy BAABNEHUSX BHYTPH H cHAPYKH OMA, & cTano Geib H TOK Bosnyxa, MoxeT Co HATE BETEP, XOTR UNPKYAAMNR BOSTIYXA B 9TOM cayuae cyuiecTBeHNO OTMMMAET- (on OT UNPKYAAUIH, COsnaBAEMOH a¢ypeK- Tom bimoxona. Ha camom seme B po- HMKAIOWIEM B lOMeLieHHe BOIYXE MILI HeBonbuIyIO YaCTE COCTaBAET BO3AYX, BBLLCAMBLLKFICA ¥3 HOWBLI, HO MMeHHO C 1HHM B J1OM Tlomlaniaer panou. TaxHM 06- Pa3OM, cKopocrs Mocrynnenus 2roro aap nomemieune saBuciT OT Mpommna- eMOCTH NOWBLI TO OTHOUEHIIO K BO3- AYLIHOMY MOTOKY, a TAKKe OT ApyrHX TeomoruvecKEX H MeTeOPOROTHYECKHX axTopos H ocoGeHHOCTeH KOHCTPYK- usH 3naHHa. ‘SaunTembuan vacrt mpounKaioutero B rloMeuteHe Bo3myxa locrynaer Ha aT- Mocdepsi H oGecreuuBaeT OGuLyi0 BeH- ‘TWNAUMIO HeGONbINHX anaHHi, TAKHX, ax xHnbIe noma. (B OTANYHe OT HX B ‘Gonbuimx 3naHMAX YoranaBAHBaloT BeH- ‘THIRTOPHI, KOMAMUHONEDSI M BOR:TyXO- ‘BOMLI 211% OGMeHa BOSIYXOM ¢ OKPYKa- rouiet cpenoll.) Braronaps wipusuetpa- uM B OMa NlonamaeT Ha yauBneHHe Goneuioe KonMuecTBO HapyxHOrO oI ayxa. B Gonbulmnctse noms Bosayx ‘oBtosnaerca 3a ommH-sIpa waca. ‘Taxof o6mex composoxsaeTcx o- CTORHHOM «yresxoliy suepram, nlo- cKonbxy Ha Harpesaxwe mpuuemuero ‘cnapy:xu Bosayxa Tpe6yeres 3aTpATHT HexoTopoe Temio. To sToft mpuunne B NH Pee —— EE SORENTO menyncne | BEBRERS tis Trouser runosoe ARE Mp HAGE ONCBHLE SuINAgEHMA PANE neon tk eaPLIOOS HOPMAN HO {BAP Hh MEPHOBLITECKOR ASC Peart anette Peak ore : 4 wi 10 poss’ Senyienna af ron, munndioertes e =r ERE GEH00n ase XMOPRAH xnOPOGOPM Mnf PALMAE | = awoxcing cePe1 ‘@OPMANLAETHA, METMAEHXROPH, AMOKCHNASOTA IACTHUBI a HSH MOHOOKCHA YrNEPORA 1 0 10? 108 10 COPEPXKAHME 3ATPASHAIOUIMX BEWECTB sHyTpn nomeweHna (ronoces), 107 KOHUEHTPALIAA ® BORAYKE, MKF ipa 2K@HHOS 8 TePMHHaX PAAMOAKTHBHOTO OONYYEHMR, BbIsbiBAEMOrO PAROHOM (opaHKe- ‘Bbilt), KOMY@HTPALIAN OpraHAYECKHX BEUIECTE (CHHMiA) M KOHUBHTPAUWAn NPOAYXTOB cropanun GeriensiA). Bapvaymn conepKanun Ox Cregnue sHaNeHA ANA NOMEWCHHA (BEPTHKANbHEIC YEPTOYKH) OObINHO nasi JOT HECKOMBKO NOPAAKOS BE ‘BbiWO CPRHMX sHAYeHHA ANA OTKDEITOFO BosAYXa (ro¥Ks). [INA CPABHEHMA ¢ Pano- HOM nokasal BKNaQ APYTHX MCTONHMKOB paqMauinn (KpacHbiA). cepeaune 1970-x ronos aanbHoBHAHEte gomonsanensusi 8 CIA n apyrix crpa- Max CaM pHHEMAT® MepbI O YMeH- ‘Mento HaK>umE-TpaLUH HapyAHOTO BOI ayxa, 3aulensipas illenH 8 Kopnyce ana- MHA H YROTHAR sIBEpHBLE H OKOHHIE pa- Mat. Msmepenus noxasami, #70 9TH Me- PAI MpuBonAT K cH¥DKeHMIO cKOpOCTH pewrunmum xa 10—30%. B To apes ‘kax naxxe neGomBulOe YMEMBULEHHE CKO- POCTH REHTHNMM faeT OULYTEMYIO KOMOMIIO 2Heprun, Ha KOHEHTPALAIO -BpenHbIx MpHMECe! BHYTPH HOMEMIEHHR 9TO OxazbIBAeT HeGomBilIO® RTHAHKC, ‘Tak Kak BOIMOXHBIE HSMEHEHHE MarbI Ho cPanvenio c pasmuunAMH B eCaTKH H.COTHM pas Mey OTEMBHBIMK LOMa- Mi. Vieetes u Tperutt daxrop, or Koro- Poro 3ABNCHT KOMUCHTpaIWR BpEAEIX BEWLECTB B HOMELIEHUH: 3TO CKOPOCTS, C KoTOpoli janHoe Beulecrao pearmpyer ¢ APYTHMGH BIBCULEHHIMH B BOITyxe Be lecTBaMi HIM TloBEpxHOCTAMK TIpeMe~ Top. Tax, HanpHMep, aMOxcHa a30Ta yaanseren W3 NloMelleHNa He TOmbKO Gnaronapa pentunaunm, Ho mB pesyme- ‘TaTe xWMYecKHX peaKunfl. Xue CKHM CocTas H Koutewrpauiu TpoayK- ‘Tos pacniaza pazoua (wsoTonos nono- ia, cBHHua M BHCMYTA), TaIKKe 3aBHICR- luue OT KonMVecTBA B3BeUIeHHBIX B BO3- AYXE WACTIE Ht HOIPKYAMUUMH BOsayxa B ‘aHHOM 31aHHH, ONPesIETAIOT YpOREHE ‘oGnysewua 3THMH MPoAyKTaMH, mona ‘maFOUINIMM MpH 1eIXAHN B slerKME Wes10- era. Tipaxtavecku nenccnenyembimnt ocraloTes MiorHe pyre acniekTsI Xit- ‘MI BORMIYXa B MlOMeILeHMAX. (Cosoxyniaa usMesruupocts ckopocTt TocTynneHMs, CKOpOCTH BEHTHTALMIN H ckopocTeft XuMuvecKHX PeaKuMt H naeT OrpoMusti aiana30H xoHeHTpauM Gombumnucrea sarpasHmouux pewiecTs. Dix uamocrpaumn Ke nanrH myauiero mpumepa, wen panon. B CIA ero xox- Ueurpauuia B OnHoCeMeRHBIX noMaX BapsupyeT B Mpemesax YeTsIpex Nopsn- KOB BEMIHHHBI — OT HECKOMBKHX OexKe- ene (Bk) wa xyGuueckaft MeTp Bosayxa 20 Gonee 10000 mpu cpennem saves ‘50 Bx/M?., (Oa Gexxepen coorseter- yer I pacnany PaawoaKTusHoro Be- uecrsa 8 cexyuay. [pyro wacro nc Tombayemon enMMMIeR WMePeHiR xB: eTca mHKOKIOpH Ha sueTp — NKH/2, — panaa 37 Bx/n'.) Cpeanui yponent Paniaune B nOMewieHHH cooTBeTcTByeT o3e oGny¥eHA, NPHMepHO B TPH pasa Npessimalouielt Ty, WTO weroBeK MOny- ‘waeT B TevenHe Bcef 2kHSHH MIpH pewTre- OCKONMYECKOM H PYTHX MesIMLNHCKHX oGcnenopannax. Te, KTO 2kuBeT B20MaX ¢ GémbuIHM coneprxannem pasioHa, n0- aywaeT mponopumonamio GéxbuyIO oay oGny'enns. PeaTsHo COTHM TEICRY aMepMKaHen, KUBYLIUX B AOMAX, Te BEICOKA KOHLLeHTpALUMR panowa, NOTy¥a- 10T 3a ron Taxyio xe 03y panwaww, Ka-SAT PASHEHME BOSYXA B NOMEWEHMAX 9 xylo nomysnnn xHTeR YepHoGuins 1 ‘ero oxpectHocrefi, xoraa » 1986 r. omms ¥3 peaxropos YepHoGsimscxol ASC ‘Baopaanies M pamHoaxTHBHEAM MaTepHaA Guin BuiGpouien B armocdepy. ASHOOBPA3HE sarpssHatoutnx Be- ICCTS Ml MOMCHYMBOCTS HX KOH- ewrpam@ = nopoxaaior —_ wHPOKKH emextp yrpo3 snopossio. TaGauitsft ‘bin, acecTOBsIe BOOK, NPOMYETH Pacnaia pasovia, dopManbaerHa H MHO- Tue apyrve peulecTRa oprannueckoro Mpovicxomaenng — 370 Gecenopiste IM Mpeamonoxsrensibie Kanuepore- et, BonbumHHicTRO H3 3THX peUltecTB MO- TyT TaKxXe BBISBIBATE XPORHYECKHE HAH ‘octpite sa6ortenanus, Taxne, Kax pect Paropane mibexumm aK anneprive- ‘cme peaxunn (XapaxTepHsie B YenOBHRK 3arpraneuna npoykrami cropakus, Gaxrepunwir # rpuGann). Over mbico- Xax KOMUCHTpAlIMR TaxOrO MpomyKTa ‘cropanta, Kax yrapHeifi ras (MoHOOKcHA yrneporia), MOKET s1@>ke MPHBECTH K He- menrennoR cmepti. M1 ace xe mith B OTHOCHTENBHO HEMHOTHX CHTYAUUHAX, ‘Taxi KaK CHyWaH OCTPBIX atneprHve- (CRICK PeaKLN Ha OTPABTENHe MOHOOK- ‘cauloM yrnepona, MOKKO O6wapy*aKTE ‘ABHYIO CBRSS MERAY akTOM BosmeficT- BHA MaHHOrO BeuIECTBA H HSMeHeHHEM atoposbs veronexa. Yate xONKpeTHBIA enysall pecnmpatopxioro mmm paxororo saGonevaitua He yaaeTcR HaNpRMy!O CBR- 3aTb ¢ KOHKDETHOM MPHMHHOH, BIKE eM oxpyxkatoutell cpemi ani apyrinwit (baxtopamn. BwecTo sToro yyenbie HayNaIoT 4a- crory 3aGonesantnf, CBRIaHHLIX C 3a- TpyaheneM cpemsi, B rpynnax momen (a waule 2KMBOTHIX), TlomBepraiouLuXcA murrencuniiomy BoszelicreHo BpenHLIX pewiecTs. Len Taxoro ananwsa — OnpenenHTb BepORTHOCTHBIE COOTHO- ICH MeKIY HHTEHCHBHOCTEIO BO3- -elicTBHa ppemmBix BewtecTB n3a607eBa- emocrsio cpeam nacenenus. 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KYpEHHEM mB 3AKPBI- ‘Teix nlomemtennax. [ake ynpasamoume OMAK MOTT He 3HATS, MAR KaKOTO pona jletremiocrm 6x10 mepsowa- ambi cnpoexTuposao saaaHe 1 KaK omkia pa6orars cHcTema peHTHnA- um. Tlo 3To!t mpatune » eKoTOpEIX Me- crax snacta Tpe6yior, robs KAKI ynpannsiounll Guim aHaKoM m yunrrsiBat ccoGeHHocTH, 3anOxeHHEIe B MpOEKTe noma. OTpererseHHocT 3a nocnencT- ita O”DKHA PaaeRATE BCR YeTIONKAa Tit (or mioxenepa, apxitrextopa m crpourTe- ‘ng Zo oMoBmaenbua H KHTEUOB. Baxk- HBIM 2neMeHTOM TaKOM CHCTeMBI MOF 6s crarb conpowomuTenbubif ZOKy- MeHT Ha OM, CBOETO POA KDTEIK, B KO- ‘ropom nepesHcmenst ocoGesHocTH npo- eka, OTHOCAMIMECR K Ka¥ECTBY BOSTYxa B MOMEMEHHAX, H COmepxaTCR samiici 06 waMesiennIAX HasaveHHA OMA HI esTunmunoHHOro oGopynosanuts. Eom pew wer 06 aIMHHKCTPATHBHOM 3713- ‘nu, B 1OKyMeHTe Mory GuiT® nepeunc- ‘ewe MecTa AIR KYpeHIR Ht YkAIaHO, B XaKOR cTeMeuH MOFYT HcMOTEIOBATECR npeamerst oGcTaHODKH, BBIenAIOUHE opranuveckue pewiecrBa. 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TOTOBMTCA K NEYATH TeMaTMYECKMA BbINYCK xypHana «TMMOP> “TpyRu McraTyTa MHoReHePOB no @nEKTpOTEXHiNKE H paAMCONEKTpOHNKE+— epeson mypHana Proceedings ofthe IEEE, CUA) CUNOBAA SNEKTPOHMKA (TMNSP, T. 76, N° 4, anpenb 1988) Buinycr, CocTasneHibif Wa 3aKaaHbix crate, pas6ur Ha Apa ConbUlNK pas- ena: «Snexrponrisie npHGopet H ycTpOACTBa Mano MOMHOCTH» M «neKT- PokinKa Conbulx MOoWOCTeR BB nepesif pasgen sown crarom, nocerwerneie paspa6orKe 6noKoB nit- ‘Tana paqMooNeKTPHOHHOA anniaparypbl, & TOM nce pasnnureix Nps OpasoBareneh c BLICOKONACTOTHOA M MMNynBCHOR MoAyna\nes PaccwoTpenti npnkusne! paboTel, CKeMHEIe OcOBeHHOCTM, BONOCK! BbI- Gopa nonynpoBoaH4KoBbix sneMeHTOS CxeM, BOSMO>KHOCTL NpHMEHEHAR arnuTneix yonnwTeneA, Onna vs cTaren pasnena nocamwera npoGneM Gosannn OopTOsEiX CHCTEM SMeKTPOCHEOKEHI'A KOCMMMOCKHX an naparos. Bo BTopon pasnen sownn paGoTas, 6 KoTOpDIX paccMarpHBaIoTCR npoGne- Msi Cosaninn W npHMENeHI NonyNpOBOANHKOBEIX YCTPORCTS ConBUOA MOUWOCTH, 8 TOM MNCNO THPHCTOPOD, H HX NPMMEHHME 8 cxEMaX oner ‘TponpuBoAO8 m8 sHeprocHCTeMax, BYaCTHOCTA B NAHKAK SneKTpONepe- aN nlocToRKHOTO ToKa. Oo'seM BbinycKa 30 aBT. n. LleHa HoMepA S p. 30K. Beinyox noctynut 8 posHMHyo Mponaxy B MocKse #8 cnenyiouMe arasHnb: Mockoscxnm Hom xnnra (np. Kanna, 26, cexymn naqarenscrsa «Mip»), Maras N? 19 «Mupe (NleHWHrpagcKMe npocneKt, 78) Speck MocKBHMn MoryT OcbOpMMTs NpeABApHTENbHEIM 2aKas HA 9TOT, a ‘TaioKe Ha APyTMe HOMepa KypHaNa. Y MMOTOPOAMMX YMTaTeNeA Sakasb! a OTMPABKY OTAEMLHBIX SKEMNNAPOB HANOKEHMEIM N/BTEROM ApHHHMAsT peAAKYMA XypHaNa. Saxasbi cheayeT NpHCLINAT Wa OTKPAITKaX 015 ConTabpn 1988 r. no aapecy: 129820, FCN, Mocksa, W-110, 1-4 PuoxcKnit nep., 2, peaaxynn THMSP.Cx aTplii CcBeT OnykTYayMN CBETOBbIX BOMH, T. €. KBAHTOBbIM WYM, JMMUTUPYIOT TOYHOCTb ONTHYeCKHX U3smepeHui. Mpo6nemy MOXKHO PeUMTb NYTeM CrnaxKUBaHVA YaCTH BONHbI 3a CYeT yeennueHna WyMa B OCTaBWeNCA ee YaCT PUYAPT 9. CNAWEP, BEPHAPA IOPKE ECUIYMHBIA CBET. Moxcer mB MpMHUTE TYNOK cBeTa 6uITb non- HOCTBIO cBOGOMHEIM OT Hepery- AmpuBIX cbaykTyaun, 7. €. OT mIyMa? Vinu dusuxut anewno o6pexenst mposo- urs naGMOneNHR H HSMEpeHUA, HC- NONbSYs, Kak ORM roBOPRT, 3amyMneH- ntti cnet? BooGute, KBaHTOBAR TeOpHs yTBepxnaer, 47o M060 cnet o6%aH HeCTH ONPeNETEHHEIA MHHHMATEABIR yposens dnyxryauit, KOTOpsif orpa- HHWHBAeT NOCTIOKAMY!O TOMHOCTS Ha6- suogeHHA, MPOBORHMBIX ¢ HcTIOME3ORA- ites cBeTOBBIX ny4KoB. TeM He MeHee cellwac TORBHAacS KaKax-TO HaneKsa. Heckonbxo wccnenonarensckHx rpynin, pKTHOMAR HaILy, OBHAPYAHLTM, TO B Ps ne cnyvaes cylliecrayeT osMoxHocr® ‘«cxKaTb» MpHCYTETBYIOUIHA B CBETOBOM nnyuxe LYM, T. €. nepepacnpenenttr» ero ‘TaxHM 06pa30M, 4TOGbI YacTe cBCTOROR Bomb! 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