B MHPE HAYRKH SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Usgatne Ha pyccKom AsbiKe Abrycm 8 1986 LaeBuran tumamenen! B 3mom 200y 12-t Homep mypHana B MHMPE HAYRH 6ydem yenuKom nocesxujeH HOsbiM Mamepuanam. B neo eoiidym cmambu 6edyusux cneyuanucmos mupa. Byoym paccmompenot eonpocel nompe6xHocmu KOHKpemHbIx o6nacmeit IKOHOMUKU 6 HOGEIX Mamepuanax, @ maxae npoGsemi HayyHoii paspaGomku u oceoeHua NPOMbIUAeHHOZO NpOUzeo0dcmea NepcneKMUBHbIX Mamepuanos. B xypnane naanupyemca onyGnuxoeame caedyrouue cmamou: O ponn HoBeix MaTepnanos 8 CoBpeMeHHOH SKOHOMMKE M. ®aemune, Lo. Kaapk (Maccasycercxaii texnonorniecxuft wicturyt) Marepuanst ana cHcTeM HHcbopmayKu 4 CBRSK lox, Meito (oupsa XTX Bell Laboratories) Matepuansi ann aspoKocmuyeckon TexHuKK M. CmeitnGepe (oupma Lockheed) Marepmansi ana HasemHoro tpaHcnopta ¥. Komnmon (Haunonanswan axazewna wayx CIA), H. Tocmeiin (gupma Ford Motor) Marepmanti ana sHepretHKn P. Kaaaccen (@upwa Sandia National Laboratories), JI. TisecupudiaaKo (Weicunseanesnh yrnnepenrer) Marepmansi ann meqMynner P. @anaep (jpupma Johnson & Johnson) Hayynbie acnexre! paspaGorkH HOBEIX MaTepnanos Fixe. Maeda (Yunvepenzer Tlapato) Marepmansi c pasnuunbimu snexTponpoRopsiyumn ceolicTsamu TL, Yayoxapu (a6oparopus Towaca Yorcoua gupsiu IBM) Ceerouyscraurenbuiie MaTepwantt Zi. Paya (jupra Bell Communications Research) Kepammeckne matepmans! X, Bayan (Maccasycercasin rexuonoruseckait uneraryt) Hossie nonumepst 2. Baep (Yunsepcurer Ketca) KomnosuTHble matepnanti B, Hattnc (Stenawapcxut yansepenter) Merannet Gyaywyero B. Keap (upwa Exxon) Tloanucka wa xypHas «B Mupe Hayxi» IPHHMMaeTCR BO BCEX OTeNeHHEX «CorosneNaT.. Lena onnoro Homepa 2 p., uewa rostonoft nomnucKH 24 p. Mnexe KypHasa 91310 no «Karanory raser H kypHaiion 3apyGexKHBIX CTpar», pasien «Tlepesoniite Hay'Htbie H HaysHO-TeXHAMECKHE %yPHAARD>, Tipenpapurenbutie sakasii Ha 12-H woMep 2ypHiata «B mupe Hayki» MOxHO HanpaBARTe Mo ampecy: 121019 r. Mocksa, Tpocnext Kanununa, 2. 26, n/n 42 Mockoscxntt om KuuritCTATBH 4 14 26 38 48 58 78 PYBPUKH 3 13 25, 36, 47, 57,77, 87, 100, 108 88 96 102 ot Scientific American - U3gaHue Ha pyCCKOM AabIKe WuLIOCTPHPORAHHBIM KY PHA NEPEBOA.C AHT-AMACKOTO - BLINOAMT 12 PAI B FO - HAAAETCH C1983 TOMA M3AATEATBCTBO «MMP» MOCKBA N° 8 - ABFYCT 1986 .B Homepe: ‘Spa cbipbesbix MaTepvanos: 4TO ManbWe? —_Spux Z1.JTapcon, Mapx X. Poce, Pobepm X. Yuaeamc B nacrosuice opens npoMbIMIeHHo pasBiTBie CTpani CTONT B NpesLAVEpHH NepeMet: IKOHOMNECKA Ppoct Gonbilie He CONPOBOANACTCA YEECNUYCHHEM NOTPEGNEHHA ChipbheBbIx MaTepHanOB. [epcneKTHBbI HX 2KOHOMHMCCKOTO PasBUTHA SyAyT BO MHOTOM 3aBHCCTS OT CNOCOBHOCTH aNaNTHPOBATECA K HOBLIM TpeGo- annian, oByenORNEHHBIM 2TH MepeMeHaM (Scientific American, June 1986, Vol. 254, No. 6) @uOpoHeKTHHE! — Puvapd O. Xaiine ‘Oru anresHenbie Genk AeficTByloT Kak GHONOTHYecKHe OPraHH3aTOPbI: OHH OGecnedHBAIOT NPHKpENneHHe XaETOK MH HanIpaRnaIOT ux nepeMentenin. B KACTORUCE BEM RLINBUIEN! MONEKYApHbIe OCHORD! yHKI- onMposarina duOponeKTHHOB (Scientific American, June 1986, Vol. 254, No. 6) O6nagaet nv npupoga cynepcummetpuen? — Moaapd 9. Xabep, Fopdon JT. Kein Hien cynepcunmerpun MOryT Cra» CEAYIOUIIM 1AFON 6 LLETIH OTKPBITHHE MPOCTEIX 3aKOHOB, OGBNCHA- souMex CTPOEHHE BeMeCTBA. (uSHKH BEAYT MONCK 9KcHEpHMeHTAMIBIX akTOB, KoTOPEIE NOsBOMAT Obi nposepitt® cynepeumMerpintste Teopint (Scientific American, June 1986, Vol. 254, No. 6) Snb-HuHbo — Koaun C Pamadxe ‘3To avoMamoe NOTenmeHHe NOBEPXHOCTHEIX BON B 2KBATOPHAMLHOM soe TuXOTO OKcaHa CBASAHO ¢ T:10- GaikHbIMH BapHaNLAMN aTMocepHOrO AaBneHNA. HamHaMe ANOMAINN TPHBOANT k IBMEHEHINO NOFOsbI B Orpomiom mo nutoma perHone (Scientific American, June 1986, Vol. 254, No. 6) AKTHBHaA ANaCTONA CepAEYHOTO COKPalleHH'A —Towac @. Pobuncon, Cmusen M. Paxmop, Bomynd T. 3onnen6auc Cornacito nosoh ranorese, » cepzewnof saute npn KaxKyKoB UPHeTOBKIE PABOTEL B.B.Equmop ‘AIPEC PEAAKUMI 129820, Mockea, FCN +A PasxcKun nep., 2 TEAE@OH PEAAKUUH ‘286.2588 © nepeson wa pyoexwi wasn wodopserene, «Mp, 1986. 3EPKANIbHBIE NABUPUHTbI Ha ororpabmn ws0Gpaxen dparmewr 3epramsnoro sata B JlemHHKOBOM cany B JhouepHe (Uisefiuapua). 3epxana cosnaioT saGMpHHT ¢ HaCTOMBKO 3aNyTAHHLIMH wa0GparkenaMM IleMcHTOB MHTepKePa, TO NOCeTHTENMb, He 3HAKOMBIH ¢ ero yer- Policrsom, Tepaer opyenTauumio (cm. crarbio Dx. Yosukepa «Moctpocnite cox- HBIX 3epKaMbHBIX adHpHHToB» Ha c, 88). HanpuMep, YxomAUIMil B epcneKTHBY KO- Piuop cuieRa OT >keHUUMHEI Ha caMOM ene He cyulecTByeT; ero HIO6paxKeHHe co3na- etca 8 peaynbrate oTpaxenutl OT 3epxail. 3epKasia YoTAHOBNeHBI Ha CTOPOHAX Pan- HOcTOPOHHNX TpeyroMbHHKOR, Ha KOTOpbIe pas6uT non. Ha omHHX TpeyromMANKAX BooSule HeT 3epxalt, Ha ApyrHX YeTaHoBTeHO UGO MO OAHOMY, MHBO No BA 3epKA- 2a, B aaGupunre To TyT, TO TAM BCTpewaioTeR HIOSPAKeHN 3z1eMEHTOB BHYTPeH- Hero yOpaxicTsa 8 Maspurarcxom ctue. Haxonsuutlica B HeM YenoRex, KAK panut- lO, BIAINT THIS «eMeck» HZOGPAKeHHH MH OHH 3 KADKYLUNXCA KOPHIOPOR. Ynmoctpayuun ObNo*KA: Piergiorgio Sclarandis, Black Star CTP. ABTOPIMCTOUHIK CTP. ABTOP/MCTOUHIIK S—il Andrew Christie 66 Hans and Judy 5 . Beste, Animals, 15 Richard 0. Hynes, yenen Massachusetts Ins fae or Behan. 69 The Granger Col- lection 70 Joan Starwood Massachusets. Ins- 71 Joan Starwood titute of Technolo- (eoerxy), Ronald Si raeO iene M. Pickett (e1u3y) wh inet * eae ee 72 Joan Starwood peoune) 73 Joan Starwood 17 Jan Lofberg Ceoenay | Vilaye nur wachan- 18 Jean Paul Thiery dran, University of (esepxy), George California at San V. Kelvin (anuay) Diego, and Patrick 19—23 George V. Kelvin Cavanagh, Univer 21-44 Gator Kis pe Sees 39—44 Ian Worpole 74, 75. Joan Starwood 49, $0 Carol Donner 79 Sandia National $1 Mil Arbel Laboratories 52, 53 Carol Donner 80—83 Alan D. Iselin 54 Thomas F. Robin- 84 Solar Energy Re- son, Albert Ein- search Institute stein College of Medicine of ‘Yeshi- 85 Louis V. Divone va University 88 Piergiorgio 59 Hans and Judy Sclarandis, Plack Beste, Animals, Sur Animals 8993 Michael Goodman 60—64 Barbara L. Gibson 96—99 Joan StarwoodEric D. Larson, Mare H. Ross, Robert H. Williams (@PHK 2. JIAPCOH, MAPK X. POCC, POBEPT X. YHUJIb- SIMC «Spa coippenbix marepHartoB: 4TO ammuse?»). Chepa oGumx mTepecos asTopos — HccienowanHe mpoonest, CamaHHBIX ¢ HCnOmBSOBAHHEM SHEDIIUE oxpanof oxpyxxaiouteh cpeast, 9. Jlap- ‘con ¢ 1984 r. npowoitT HiecnenoBAKHA B nioerioKTopattType Llexrpa no w3y¥e- io mpoBem HcnonssoeaHHA sHeprAIt 1M oxpals oxpyxaroutelt cpembi TIpHH= ‘croncKoro yuusepcirrera. B 1983 r. n0- saya 8 MuuniecoTeKom yumBepewTeTe TOKTopeKyio crenenp 8 OGnacTH Mall NocTpoena. Fpiman ysactue 8 mpo- exte «M'n06anbiias niommTHKa 8 o6acTit ‘oxpaiist oxpyxkaiomief cpembi» Micrit- ‘TyTa O6itlecTBEHHBIX OTHOMLEHH HN. XyGepra Xamibpn. M. Poce — npodbec- cop bunk Miunrasickoro yaupepeurre- ‘ran crapuinit naywnbiil coTPYmHHK OT- nenenna Environmental Systems xa6o- paropun Argonne National. Tonys Tenens, noKropa ustocodus 8 oBnacrH QvonKH 8 BuckoncHHcKoM yriBepeH- ‘Tere a Maaucone. B 1955 r. Pocc paGo- ‘ran mpenostanatenem ® MinniaricKom yunsepenrere, Tpopeccopom sit Munranicxoro yxmpepewtera ctan 8 1963 r. P. Yuunosic — diam, crapunit naysnnit corpyanne 8 LleHTpe m0 #3y- eno MpoGneM HCnOTEIOBAKHR 3Hep- Fu M Oxpanet OKpyaIOMIeH cpemt TIpuicroncxoro yauseperera. Oxon sur Kanopanficknil yHpepcHTer 8 Bepeam, rae # 1967 r. nonysun erenexs moxtopa. C 1972 r. 6st OnKHM 13 PYKO- Bomrenelt vccmenosaNHft no mporpaM- e «uepremiuecras nommTiKa» (own, ‘opna). B TIpuicToHcKom yunBepcHTe- ‘te paGoraet ¢ 1975 r. Richard ©. Hynes (PHYAPL 0. XAHHC «@uGponexrams») — npo- eccop Guonorm 8 Maccayycercxon ‘TexHonorimeckoM uucTHTyTe (MT), rie on paGoraeT Ha xadeape GHonorut 49 Hentpe nto srayenmio paxa. B 1966 r. oxonmiit KemOpnuvxckuit yxsivepcirreT co crenexsto Gaxanaspa GHOXHMI; CTe- newb noKTopa duocodun nonyyna B 1971 r. 8 MTH. Ben siccnenosanua 8 ivnepckom onze nto usyyenmo paxa 8 Tlouaone, a » 1975 r. cran corpyann- xom MTH. Howard E, Haber, Gordon L. Kane (FOBAPA 9. XABEP, TOPOH J, KEMH «OGnanaer ni npupona cy- epcumMerpuen?») coTPyAHHWaNH n0- ‘cnenpne HecKombxo eT 8 siccrenoBANHH, saneWi QYOHKH IIeMeHTApHEIX. wa CTHUL, NPOMCXOAALIX MPH OMEHE BRICO- xx dnepruax. XaGep — accicrent npogeccopa Kanmopauitexoroyun- Bepcureta B Canra-Kpyc. Hoxropexyio crenent nonywin B 1978 r. B Muyuran- Kom ylNBepcnTere, 3arem paGoran B JlaGoparopun uM. Jloypeuca » Bepkt 4 Tencumbeancxom — yuupepcutere. Ketin — npodeccop ¢wrsixn Muwnran- ‘cKoTO yunuepcHTeTa, LOKTOPCKYIO CTE news nonyann s Vauutmoficexom yunpep- curere » SpGana-Lanneltn. Mocne sa- UpATbI HOKTOpeKoMl ANCcepTALHM Ba roa paGoran p Yunvepcwrere J>souca Tonxunca, npexne wea cram corpyaHH- xom Muvitranicxoro yHusepcurera 8 1965 r. B nacrosinee npewa paGoraet B Esponefickoit opranusaiue —sutepHeix uccnenosannfi (EPH) s Keene. Colin S. Ramage (KOJIMH C. PA- MAJDK «2ab-Husto») — nposeccop Meteoponoran 8 Fasalickom yasep- curete 8 Matioa. 3anumaetea ccren0- BaHHAMH 8 OGNACTH MeTeoporOrHH C 1936 r., Koraa waYan paGoTaTs 8 Me- ‘Teoposiornueckolt cayxGe Hosoi 3e- nansun. Tonyn yuenyloctenent 8 06- actu Guanxi p Yunpepenrere Buxto- punt » Benmuurtone e 1940 r. Bein obt- Mepom Meteocnyxx6s1 8 Kopomescknx BOeHHO-BosRYLINBIX cHiNax HoBoft 3e- navsun. Beis 8 oTcTaBKy B 1946 r., paGoran Haywitbim coTpyAHHKOM B Ko- Ponescxot oGcepsaropun » ToHKoHre. C 1956 r. paGoraer 8 Fazaficxo yHn- neperere. B wactosmtce mpens Haxo- AWTCA 8 BYXTOAHYHOM OTHYCKE B CBASH © MpeOwiannem Ha MlocTy HayaHoro co- BeTHuKa supextopa Mecnenosarenn- ccxyx aGopatopuil m0 Hsy¥eHMIO Oxpy- -xavouteh cpenst HauwonamsHoro yn- Papnenus no wccnenoBaNii OKeaHa M armocdepst. ‘Thomas F. Robinson, Stephen M. Fa- ctor, Edmund H. Sonnenblick (TOMAC ®. POBMHCOH, CTHBEH M. ®9K- ToP, 90MYHd I. 30HHEHBSINK AXTHBHAX MlacTONA cepseMHOTO CO- Kpauieniia»). PoGHHICOK nony'HA cre- ews Gaxanaspa no XuMMM M MarucTpa no dusuxe 8 Yawsepeurere urr. Hi1o- Mlopx B OnGans. Crenene aoxropa ou- aocopun 5 oGnactH OusHKH sia enty npucsoeua B Flomrrexsiecxom HHCTH- tyre 8 Pencenepe. B 1978 r. cram co- ‘TpyanHKom MenmumicKoro Konnem«a ui. AupGepra Stimwreaiva Yausepcu- tera Viewmpa, rae 8 HacTostuee spems OW aoueHT MennUNEEe, dusHOnOTHH 1 GnowwanKH. sxTop nonysnn crenenb Gaxanaspa 8 Kopomesckom xomnemKe Hbi0-Hopxexoro roposicxoro yipep- curera. C 1971 no 1973 r. cayxun 8 MapriHoncxom BockHom rocnuTane B Gopr-Beunmur (ur. Doxoparxus). C 1975 r. paGotaet 8 MeauumncKom Kos nemxe um. AnbGepta Siinuretna, rae pane emy 6tis1a npwicnoena crenent 0- 3 xTopa MenHUMLI; B HacTomuIce BPeMA ‘on npoteccop naTomiorun 4 n0ueHT Kap- amonorun. Sousen6auk nonyan cre- nent Gaxanaspa 5 1954 r. » Yatupepcy- ‘Tere Yaca, cTenew noxropa Meamust- ot 8 1958. 8 Memuumncxoh mxone Tapeapackoro yanpepcntera. C 1963 10 1967 r. pa6oran p Haunowaniios n- cuutyre cepaua, 3arem eran corpysiti- xom Menmumicxoit uixonst Tapsaps- exoro yxuepenrera. Bem Take ucene- AowaTenbcxy10 paGoTy H OnHOBPEMeHHO cnomHan oGx3aHHocTH Tewaiuiero Bpa- va.B Boasitnite Tvrepa Berra Bpurawa 8 Bocrone. B 1975 r. nepemen 8 Mens- uncRnit xonnesx wn. AnsGepra Die- urrefitia re on mporbeccop mesma ¢ 1984 r. surpexrop Llexrpa no wsywe- to cepaeano-cocyautcroR cicTes. Gerald Borgia (IDKEPASI. BOPA- OKA «Plonosoft orGop y Gecenxossix mtu») — soonor, accuerent Mapu siensicKoro yHuBepcHTera B Konnemx- Tlap. Crenews Gaxanarpa nonyunn @ 1970 r. » Kanmbopxnticxos yrnipepen rere 8 Bepxx. Junnomuyio padoty apinionnan e Mucutrasickom yuunepcu- ‘Tere, rae emy 8 1973 r. Gbuia npucpoeHa Tene Marucrpa, a8 1978 r.— 0KTO- pa. Bet uccnenonanua 8 UuKarcxom 1 Mene6yprcxom —yxupepenterax. C 1980 r. corpymuux —MapuneuncKoro ynupepeurera. Vilayanur S. Ramachandran, Stuart M. Anstis (BAJIAAHYP C. PAMA- YAHJPAH, CTIOAPT M. AHCTHC «Bocnpustne xaxkyuleroca —aBioxe- Hua») — 06a npospasioT wurepec K npoGzeme Hefipopirsnonornn spirtenb- Horo BocnpuaTua. PaMayaHnpa — mpodeccop neuxonorun Kanubopiuit- ‘Koro yHupepcureTa 8 Cax-[Iuero, 10 conMectitenbcray pa6oraer Ha xatbest- pe Guonoran 8 Kanmbopuuticxom Tex- HomorHNecKom macTuTyte. Yuuncs 4a spawa B Manpacckom yiunepcnTere, a aaTem 8 KenGpusxckom yuusepcwrere ‘sanurrin AoKTopcKyr0 ANCcEPTALLINO No Hefipodusuonorin. Céenis HecKomKo Mect paGors!, PaxawampaH Haxove nepeuen w urrarHsse coTpyaKuxu Kaan ‘opiufiexoro yuupepcurera. AHcTHC — mpodeccop neuxonorun Viopxcxoro yuinpepcueta 8 Toponro. Yuensie cte- Hen Marvictpa HM AOKTOpa nomyHWT B Kem6pumxckom yuunepcutere, rie no- ne 3auurret auceepraumn paGoran eure B Teweuwe apyx net. Ho nepexona 8 Hopxcesti yuumepcurer npenonasan e ‘Yunmepcurere urr. Texniecu B Bpucrone. Peter M. Moretty, Louis V. Divone (IMTEP M. MOPETTH, JIVHB. AM- BOH «Conpenenstie netpareie apura- Temi») cOBMeCTHO MpHHIMamH yaacTHe s paGorax, mposoaunnix 6 CLA s pam- (upoaonaxenne ex ua c. 111).Opa cbiIp AZIN bCBbIX MaTepHaJIOB: 4TO TasIbiie? B HacTOAUjee BPEMA MPOMbILINEHHO pasBUTbIe CTpaHb! CTOAT B npegABepun nepemeH: akoHOMUYeCKHH pocT Sonbule HE conpoBoxgaeTca yBenuyeHvem NoTpeONneHUA CbIPbeBbIX MaTepuanoB. Nepenekruebi ux aKOHOMMYeCKOrO pasBUTHA OyAyT BO MHOrOM 3aBUCETb OT CNOCOGHOCTH aganTMpOBaTbCA K HOBbIM Tpe6OBaHUAM, o6ycnoBneHHbiM 3TuMK NepemeHamu OPUK 4. NAPCOH, MAPK X. POCC, JIPEBHETMUIMX Bpemen cbipse- _ sissrepiaa! pur no yo poms B pasBurTHH wenoBee- ‘cxoro oGuiectBa, TO HallitO OTpaxe- Hie B HagRAHHAX HECKOMBKHX HCTOPHYE- CKHX 90x: KAMeHHIli Hex, GpoHoREi ex, xKewesHnilt Bex. Yenexy Mponitti- sIeHHOMl pesomOUHH B sHaWiETesILHOM Me- Pe cocoGcrsoBa1o paauKansHoe yco- DepUeHCTBOBAHHE CHOCOGOS LHPOKOrO mponsposictea HanGonee RaUKHEIX ChIpS- eBLIX MaTepHAOB, TAKIX, KaK XTONOK, mlepeTe, 2kes1€30 4 nose crass. Henpe- BIBHOE pasBHTHe TeXHONOTHH MpuBETO K YBenMueHMo wNena BiLIOB cLIpbA 1 PBINKOB Hx cGbITa. XapaxTepHon oco- GextHocTbI0 aKOHOMHMEcKOTO PocTa CO BPeMeHH MpOMBUNNEHHOR peBomtouNN Guino yaeauucnue noTpe6neHUR cbIpse- BBX Marepuastos. B nocneauue rombi, onHaxo, HaGmo- aaetcs uaa Tennenuna. HecMoTpA Ha npononxarouulich —-SKOHOMHNeCKMi oct 8 crpanax Cesepxoft AMepuiku, 3a naaHoh Epponti HB AnOHEH, empoc Ha MHOTHE ChIpbenie MaTepWAIB BHIX craGuansuposarca, T. €. 10CTHF, 10 cy utecTBy, noctoHHoro yposas. Cyn no BCEMY, 8 MPOMBILINEHHO pasBuTHIX cTpaHax 3anepuiaetca «apa chipbensix MarepHaiop», AnMuMIascR Ba cTONe- Tua CO BPeMeHH NPOMEILLTEHHOM peso~ SNOUHH, H OHH BETYNAIOT B HOBYIO SPY, B KoTOpoll yponekib NoTpeGieHUs chIpbe- [BBX MaTTepHAIOB y>Ke He ABLIAETCR TOKA- 3aTenem 9xoHOMHYecKorO nporpecca. Honaa3pa, BosMorKHo, 6yaeT «sport uN- dopmaumn», HO, BMANMO, MOKa pao c yBepeHHocTb¥o dasaTe eff HasBanite. ‘Tem He Menee baxTopst, KOTOPEIE BEI- aBaimH 3TH HOMeHIeHHA, MOTYT GLITE H3y- went yore cetivac, Ha Hall warms, Ta- xux axropos yersipe. TMepssifi us Hux — 9TO MpHMeHeHHe Matepuasos. 3aMenmTesief, uro MpwBeno K saMeme- POBEPT X. YANbAMC islo 8 Bospactaitin cnpoca Ha WeKoTO- Phe cbipbesbie Matepwanti. Bropot ‘bakTop cocTouT B ToM, 4To Graronapa: yayaurenino cBolicTs Matepnaon no- BoicHaach abbexTHBHOCTE Hx HenOms30- nana. TpersHM H, BOIMOxHO, Han6o- Mee BAKHEIM @akTOPOM ABACTCR TO, TO B UeNOM NPoHsOUINO HacBIUIeHNe PBINKOB, ObicTPO PacUIMPABLIEXcH B apy ceipbesbix Matepuarios. Ha HOBBIX 2Ke DBINKAX MaTepHamoeMKas MpOAyKUKA ombayeTcA BCe MEHBILIIM cNpOCOM, H HMeHHO B 9FOM cOcToT weTBepTHIlt akrop. Tlo pany saxkHtix actextos sapepuua- Joulaca 3pa_CBIPKeBLIX MaTepHaTOB veer Gombuloe 3HaveHKe AA samHeft- WTO 3KOHOMHYECKOTO parBHTHA npo- MBILUIeHNO pasBHITHIx cTpaH. Awasws STHX ACTIeKTOB NPHEORNT K PALLY BEIBO- BoB, KOTOpbIe TOMKo ceflvac HAMHHAIOT ‘ocosHanars. OnKH 13 OcHOBHBIX BDIBO- JOB 3aKsNOWACTCA B CTemy!OUIeM: 8 NpO~ ‘THBONONOKHOCTS TOMY, © YeM MHOTO FoBOpHAOCe H MuCasOcb, B 70-x ronax HMNOpT chIrpan NHN HesHAaYHTENBHYIO on 8 ocna6nexun oTpacsielt npomssu- JeHHOCTH, NPOUSBORALX CBIPKeBLIE Matepuamst. Tnaswaa pom Ha caMoM gene mpunannexana cra6uaysaunn cipoca Ha 9TH MarepHaitbi. OaaKo Ha uuHiaa npumepuo c 1980 r. wmnopr cra 3aMeTHO OTPHUATeMBHO cKasbiBATECR Ha MarepHanooOpabarsisaroutel mpo- Momuutennocts CLA. Bepost#o, 8 no- cheayioume aecaTuneTHR sce Gompuian wacTb onepawutit no npowsBoncTBy Ma- ‘Tepuanos GyzeT ocyulecrenatbca 3a npeaenamu CIA, rae sarparsi Ha 3TH onepanun Huxe. Orpacmt o6paGarbipa- rouleft mpomeiunennocta CUA 6yayt CTpemursca coxpanur y ce6a nocne- Hie CTaaHH NepepaGoTKH CBIDEEBEIX Ma- ‘TepHanos H YBeTHMHT HX POT’ B HE HoMbIORAHHN BTOPHYHEIX MaTepHAOB. 4 Xora raxwe Tennenusm MoryT npiBe- CTH K 3HAMIFTEMbHBIM HIMeHEHHAM, OHH HuKax He O3HaYaOT CBepTHIBAHHA NPO- wasonetsa 8 CUA ut apyrux npommiu- AleHHO pasBHTBIX cTpaHax. CyulecreyeT Hemao nyTefl ycosepwiecTuowaHi BLICOKOPASBHTOM TexHOOTHHL MpOUS- BOACTBa NponyKUM, xapaKTepHsy10- ‘useltea HUSKHMH 3aTpaTaMM CbIPLEBBIX Marepiasion B nepecyere wa 1 osu1. 0- Gapownolt croumoctH. 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B camom Hayate ust kia NorpeGnenHe HoBoro Marepnana OGtiaHo ynemmunBaeTcs HaMHOrO 6biCT- ee, HeM TeMIIbt 3KOHOMMYECKOTO poc- ra. Butcrpsif pocr norpeGnenua mare- piana xapaxrepysyerca ypemmuetinem noxasatena ero noTpeGneHma, wRipa- ‘eHHOTO B KMIOTpAMMAX Ha I AON. BHIT. Taxol 6utcrpetti pocr cnoco6er- ByeT ycopepuieHcTsosasiMo O6paGarki- naioulelt TexHOAOTMH, TO MPHBOANT K OBEILICHMIO NPOUSBOMNTeNbMOCTH kaecTsa npouykuun npH oANOBpeMen- HOM YMeHBUeHHH €¢ CTOUMOCTH. Bo sropoft gaze uukita npoussonutca Gone cnornax npoayxuna n noTpebna- eMbifi MaTepnan HaMHHaeT CTAHOBHTECA Mexiee 3HaSHIMBIM KOMMIOHEHTOM MPOHS- BONCTBCHHOTO Mpouiecca, a OTHOUICHHe Rpupocta cTOHMOCTH MpomraRoAcTea K KommsecTBy noTpemmeMBIx MaTepua- Hos yBenuunsaerca. HononutensHbie HoponpenleHa nosonsIOT HeTOsKIO- BaTb marepnan Gonee adextuBHo. B 370M ase notpeGuienne Toro HAH HHOTO MaTepuaita, WMepeHHOe B KHOrpaM- Max Ha 1 ona. BHIT, nocturact Max- ‘CHMYMa H HaMHaeT YMeHBILaTECH, XOTA noTpeGnenne 3Toro ake MaTepHasIa, Bh- PaxeHHoe B KIWIOTpaMMaX Ha AYMIY Ha- Cenenia, MOxeT MPOODKATe yBerHn- areca. B sanepuiatomelt base WKTa NPOHcXOAMT HACbIIEHHE PBIHKOB CbIPb- BRIX MaTepHartoB; NOABHBUIIeCA HOBLIC PBINKH npemiastayensi B OCHOBHOM 118 CGuITA creunaM’HOR NpoAyKUMH, KOTO- Pas Mano anuseT Ha OGuee NoTpebme- He Matepuaios. Tlosopot B TeHmeH- usu pocTa cnpoca Ha MaTepitamti B 3TOR axe HacTOMBKO RENHK, WTO slaxe MO- ‘TpeGitenne MaTepuaton Ha myiny Hace- aewna ctaGunnanpyetes Hl MoxeT Ha- arb yMeHBUIATECR. ‘Ormuuasine npuepon umemunoers enpoca Ha cbipsenbie MarepHasib AD.0A- eTem McTopiia norpedzenua crann B CUA. B xonue XIX B. crans Guia on- [HIN H3 OcHOBHBIX MaTepHazioB B CTpOH- ‘TembcTRe Foposlos H >keNesHEIX OPOT, ‘TaKae 6 TAXENOM NPOMMUITEHHOCTH. Buictpsifl pocr enpoca Ha wee cno- coGerHoHAN NOABIEHIIO TaKHX TeXtHO- ROTHNeCKHX HOBINeCTB, KaK GecceMepor xn mpouecc, sxeapenue xoToporo Mpupeno x yaewbulenno cTOMMOCTH cram pacumpenio ee psuxa. B pe- aynbrate mpumepno 20 1920 r. enpoc a crams nospacran Gsicrpee, wen BaTOROMt aumonambetstl nponyxr. OnvaKo 8 20-x osiax GBICTPO MPexPaTHAIOCK PacuIMpe- Hite PbIHka TwxEMBIX COPTOB CTaaM, He- onbayeMbix B COOYAEHHH HHAYCTPH- ansneix oOtextos. B pesyasrate m0- ‘TpeGulente cram, OTHeceRHOE K enKHH- ue BHT, zocturiys nixa npsmepHo 8 1920 r., nayaro ynetuaTEcR. XOra p 3KOHOMHKE B tleNOM empoC Ha crane Navan naaaTs, norpeGneHHe 310- To MaTepiasia wa 1yly HaceneHits MpO- | df LZ u = ABTOMOBMMb MOLENM CHEVROLET CAPRICE CLASSIC 1976 umen waccy 2007 kr. B cepepune 70-x rogos peaKoe no} exe cTonMocTH SHeprMH NOCRY>KHNO CTHMYNOM K YMeHBUE- Hino PasMepoB aMEpHKAHCKX nerKossIx aBTOMOOMNER. Han- Conbiwee yMeHbWeHKe MaCCEI aBTOMOOUNEA 9TOA MORENH Obi no meay 1976 n 1977 rr. B 1977 r. 9ToT aBTOMOOHNe MMeN Macey Ha 300 kr MeHhie, ueM 8 1976 F. YMeHbWeHHe MaCCHI GBI RO AOCTHrHyTO 3a CHET KOHCTRYKTHBHLIX HEMEHEHAA MMC onbsoBaHMA Gonee NerkHx v NPOYHbIx MaTepHanos, ABTOMOBMINb MOAENM CHEVROLET CAPRICE CLASSIC 1986 nMeer macy 1617 Kr, 470 Ha.390 Kr MenBWe, veM 8 1876 r 61975 no 1985 r. cpegtiaR wacca nerkoaeix amepnKaHcKHx TomoOwnen yMeHbuMnact ¢ 1727 Ao 1460 xr. YacTANHO 9TO xino AOCTHTHyTO 3a CHET yMeHLUEHHA KonMMeCTRa Kenesa Can B KOHCTPYKUMM aBTOMOBHNeR, a TakoKe 3a c¥eT Gone HpoKoro NpUMeHEHHA aniOMMHUIA H NnacTMaccoBbix MaTepA- ‘anos. Ona 13 npusinn Toro, 4TO cNpOC Ha CbipseBbie MATepH anbi 8 MPOMBIUNeHHO pasBMTbIx CTpaHax cTaGunnsMpoBarca, sakniouaeTcA 8 Gonee acbbeKTHsHoM McnonbsoBaHMIM MATE puanos.6 B MMPE HAYKM: 1986/N? 8 Blomkano yeeruunBaTEcR, —TOCKOTEKY Tab TawKe packonoBamack Ha npoHs- BONCTEO TOBAPOB LMPOKOTO cnpoca. Hanpunep, cranbubre muctsr Guinn He- OGxoaHMI 149 NPOHSBOACTHa ABTOMO- Guneit uw mpeameros doMautHero O6Hx0- a. B 1920 r. psiHox ToBapos wHpOKOTO cnpoca Gein aanex OT HaceiwieHHA. On- Haxo 8 50-x rolax poct norpeGneHHa craw Ha nywy Hacenenua samensmunes, HeCMOTDs Ha yBEnHucHMe NPOHSBONCTHA ‘opapon umpoxoro cnpoca. Korna 8 70-x roax pbiHox 3THx ToBApoS HocTHT HackILeHNA H rlepecTanH NOKBIATECR HOBBIE PLIHKK, Ha KOTOPBIX cyllecTBO- an Gbi cnpoc Ha crane, norpeSncHHe ec a AyUly Haceslenia DOCTUFMIO NOCTORH- HOFO yPOBHA 1 B HaCTOAUce BpeMs CHUI- xxactea. TorpeGaeHue cram B Hauo- HAMIBHOM 9KOHOMHKe, BbIPAXKEHHOE B KH- sorpammax Ha eaunuuy BHI, cefiuac MpHMepHo TaKoe >ke, KAK Ht 100 eT Ha- 3aul, npwueM yMenbuleHHe noTpeGncHia 3TOFO MaTepHiasia No cpaBHeHitio c MKO- Ss 6 8 8 NOTPEGNEHHE HA EQUHMUy BHT (Kr HA 1000 AONA; B AON. 1958F) & BBIM sHavenuem 1920 r. cocrasnaer 40%. PHMEPHO Taxaa xe TeHseHuMR xapakTepna H ama GonbuluHcTBa APYTHX cbipbesbIx Maepuaitos. Kpome ca HaMH Ob410 HecmIeNOBaHo WaMeHe- Mme crpoca eule Ha WecTh siulon MaTe- puanos. Cpenu nix uemenT 1 Gymara, KOTOPEIe LHPOKO HenOmbsyIoTCH cca Moro HaNasia nepHona wuyeTpHAINsa- unt, B nporuporiono>kHocTs HM amto- MHI, aMMHaK, SOD H 9THAEH HAUL UIMpoxoe npHMeHeHHe ANU B XX B. B kaxkn0M cnyuae OGHapyaxHBAeTCA UM- KAMNeckHRl XapaKTep HIMeHeHHA crIpo- ca, KOTOPBIA mpesicKasbIBalor KytaccHue- ‘cxwe Teopuu unayeTpHammanuM. [Tpo- HONAUTEMBHOCTE UuNKrIa HaMHOTo 6ostb- We 218 TPAAMUMOMEBIX sraTepHanos, eM MIR COBpeMeHHBIX, OnHAKO OKOHWA- ‘Tenbubilt wror Tor ake. B70-x romax no- ‘TpeOrienHe ncex ceMM YkasaHHBIX MaTe- pHanos Ha 1 noan. BHI wawano ymews- ol 1880 1690 1900 1910 1920 & 8 MOTPEGAEHME HA AYWY HACENEHWA (kr) 19301940 19501960 1970 1960 | 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 TOTPEBNEHNE CTAMM B CWA otpamaeT oOWMA WKN MsMeHeHIIA cnPOCA Ha CbipS- feeble maTepnansi. Ha BepxneM rpacbuKe NoTpeGneHHe CTann BuIpameHO 8 KANC- rpammax Ha 1000 gonn. sanosoro Ha4woHansHoro npopykra (BHM), Ha HW>KHEM — B xunorpamMax Ha ayy Hacenenin. B nepBon cbase YWWia NoTpeOnehne MaTepnana (@ o601x eeipaxeHiinx) ObicTpo sospacraeT. Hepes HeKoTopoe apeMn noTpeCneHHe Marepvana, oTHECEHHO® K eflMHMue BHM, ROCTMraeT MaKCUMyMa (ANA CTanM 3TOT MaKcHMyn Gbin AOCTHFHYT ® 20 ronax), saTeM HaXiMHaeT yMeHbUaTeCA. FlorpeGne- hue maTepvana a ayy HacenennR npojoneaer sospacTare, oAMaKO s NOCNEAHEA chase yuKna cTabunnanpyeToR m ame MOMET yMeHEWATECR, iaToeR, a nx noTpeGneMne Ha Ay Ha- Ccerennix n HacTosuee Bpense, no cyute- ery, craGumsuposatocs. TonoGusie “Tenenutn HaOMOMaIOTeR H 8 IPOM- steno pasburrsix crpanax 3anaasofl E Ponkt, sxmovax @panuino, OPT 1 Be- auKoGpHTaKHO. Slanaerca su cra6uasauwa enpoca Ha MaTepiiambt JIMS nay30fl ® 3KOKO- umieckOM PocTe Hit Ona osHayaer yH- TaMeHTasibHoe CTPyETYPHOE HSMEHCHHE » akoHOMHKe? Onita mime cTaTHCTHKA B anHoM cnyuae He MoxeT ate oTBeTa, ockombry OTKsOHeHHIN OT neficTByIO~ LMX B TeNeHKe ATHTeNBHOTO BpeMeHH ‘Tenesuutf npowsoummm wenanso. Onsta- {KO aNAII CTATHCTHUCCKHX AHNBIX CO MeCTHO © MpH¥NaNM cTabwmiauiu enpoca nosponser caenaTb mpeamoso- 2keHHE 0 IHAUHTEMBHLIX CTPYKTYPHBIX Ccpurax, mpowexonsuix © HacTosuiee Bpems 8 axoxomine. Kak yxxe oTweNa- Rock wplitie, ctaGunuaallae cnpoca Ha cuipseasie marepnatst oGyes08s1ena we- ‘Taipei daxTopaMic: — MpHMeHCHHEN MarepHaios-saMennrenen, Gonee 3- dexrupubine ucnonssonauiieM Matepua- ‘ROB, HaCHIMEHHEM PBIHKOD HM HSMeHEH- eM B xapaxrepe cnpoca notpe6urezeft. B to ppenia xax nepatie apa dbaxropa cy- llectayioT ¢ caMoro HaNasIa MpOMBsit- TeHHOM pevomousm, ocTaNbHEIe 15a ‘nelicTByIOT HesIaRHO M CuRTsaHI KOMEN HEIMH CTAMWAMIE WKTA sEOMeHEHIR cmpoca Ha cuupbenbie Matepsatl. 3aMenta TpanMUMOHMBIX MaTepHaNIOR HopbiM aaMensmuma BospacTaHHe cmpo- ca ma Taxne marepwamet, Kax ByMary H cranb, B anroMoGimbHon npomiluen- Hoctu CUA, norpebnatoutelt 15—20% cram, wa cMeny elt mpuxonar Gone serene Marepna1, TenseHUNA x 3aNe- ne matepHarios yeunusiact 8 70-x ronax ‘© BLOOM craNapTon no aHeprocbepe- keno. C Wennbto yBesI¥eHA IKOHOMIN “TonLTiBa HaNaAIOCk MacCOBOE HPOHSBOL- cro MenbuNX no pasmepam Gamce TerKHX apTOMOBWIEH ¢ NOHHAEHHEIM conepxanuem cram. Cpennas wacca AMEPHKAHCKNX erKOBEIX aETOMOBHTER YMeHbuUUTack npuMepHo ¢ 1700 Kr B 1975 r. no Mewee wen 1500 xr 8 1985 r. 3a Tor Ke nepwion ona noTpeGneHA ‘NepHBIX MeTasINOR Ha CPEs aBTOMO- Gums ymennumusact ¢ 81 20 69%, a amo- MILI TUTACTMaCCEH BOSPOCTTA C 6 110 11%, TlonoGias Tennenusa HaGmona- rca nopcemectHo B npoMBIMisIeHHOCTH CHA. E B HAYASIE XIX p. TexitHaec- KHe OCTIOKCHHA, MIPHBEMUINE x YyBenuweniio NPONHOCTH MaTepHanos WX JOnTOBeMHOCTH, OTEPBUIH yTb x YMeHBUeHiO MaTepstaloeMKOCTH MpO- MBILNeHHOM nponyKuMM Ges cHUKEHHA ce bYHKUMOHATBHBIX BOIMOxHOCTEH. Tipu 3ToM o6bI4HO MPoHCXONNT yooRep- lleHeTBOBaHMe MPOAYKUNH, © HEM CEH aerembersyer, ManpuMep, paswitrieSPA CbIPbEBBIX MATEPMANOB: YTO AANBUE? 7 BHN HA AYWWY HACENEHHA (@ Aon. 1989.7) 3000 5.000 8000 & & s 8 T T T Kr HA 1000 Alona. BH (@ ROMA. 1963 7) 0 Kr HA 1000 RONDA. BHN 1B AONN. 196317) 1900 1910 1920 1900) 3000 5000 1940 1970 700; — T T T T 770 Kr HA AYUY HACEREHMS 100] al kr HA fyuly HACEREHAR 1800 1900 1910 1920 190 ‘TEHAEHUMM B NOTPEBMEHMIM comm matepnanos xapaxTep- ul AMR acex OCHOBHbIx MaTepvanos 6 CUA. Ms comm maTepi: noe Tp (crane, yemenT v Gywara) cuTaIOTCR «TpaBMYMOHHeI Mv», A OCTaNbHbIe (@NIOMMHIAA, AMMHAK, XNOP HOTHNeH) — «CO- BeMeHHbINN, MakchwansHbIn CnpOC Ha TPaAMUMOHHEIe Ma- ‘Tepnansi Gein AOCTMTHyT HaMHOTO PaHbule, Wem Ha CoBpeMeH- 1940 1980 1970 1960 le, OnHako NoTPeGneHHe BCeX CEMA MaTepHANOB, OTHECEH- Hoe k equiuye BHN, 6 HacToRuee BpeMA yMeHbWaeTcA (aBep- xy). Norpe6nenne Oonsuuncrea arux marepnanos Ha pylly Ha- CeneHMA TakoKe YMEHbUaeTCR (BHHSY), MaCUTAO, YKASAHHBIA ‘BBepxy Karon rpadbaueckoM CeTKu, cooTseTcTEyeT BHM Ha Ayuy HaceneHun,8 B MAPE HAYKI-1986/N? 8 nponspoacrea noxomoTusoe. B 1810 r., Kora Naposbie KOTIIbI H3rOTABIHBATH M3 Uyrywa 1H MUcTOBOTO xeNe3a, OTHO- UXCHMe Macchi OGHIYHOTO MOKOMOTHBA x €fO MOUIHOCTH cOcTaBNA:IO NpUMEpHO 1000 Kr/a. c. Cnycra npuepHo 50 ner NOABHANCE CTAABHBIE MapoBsIe KOT, NOSBONMBUIME 3HANNTeNbHO CHHSHTS Macey loKoMoTiBos. K 1900 r. yxasaH- Hoe OTHOUIEHHE YMEHLUUUIOC NOTH B 10 pas. [pumeptio p 1950 r., Korma cra- ‘aM Bce Yalile HcOMEIOBATECA BIeXTPO- 30 oTHoWIeHe —aocTHrO a 1980r. — 14r/n.c. 3Ha- MHTeNBHOe YMeHBINEHHe OTHOUIeHHA MACCBI JIOKOMOTHBOR K HX MOWIHOCTH Gsino aocturHyTo Gnaronapa BHempe- HMO MHOXeCTBA KOHETPYKTHBHLIX HOB- uiectE Hapaity ¢ Gone xpbexruaHsia HcnonbsoRaHieM MaTepHaOB. Tloxasatemsubt Take m apyrne pst Mepst. Cospemennbie miactmacconbie IAeHKH MPOUHee HB TO 2KE BPEMR TOHB- luge Tex, KOTOPHIe MOCTABNATHC! Ha Pb- Hox 10 ner Hasan. Poct cnpoca Ha Ho- BBIC BILIBI MNCHOK OTpamacT OG1LIyIO ‘TeHAeHUMIO B HampaBneHHH npoHsBOn- cTBa MMacTMaccosoh MponyKus, xa- PaKTepHsyrouleticn HHSKOM MaTepHalto- emxocrsio. 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K 1900 r. ykasannoe oTHOUeHHe yMeHSuliAnoc! 18 80x ropax (c NORBNEHHEM 371eKTPOBOIOB) OHO CHMSHNOCE HO 10 pas, a Pasptla KPHBOA CBASAH C OTCYTCTBMEM AaHHIX B NepMOA NEPA MMPOBOH BOHMBI. TopoSnbie (XoTR 18 MeHbUEH CTeneHH) NpUMeHEHWA xapaKTePHb! H ANA MHOTUK APY- FAX BuAAOB NPOMBIUNeHHOM NPOAYKYWH. MpHMeHEHNE HOBEIX MaTepnanoB 4 KOH- CTPYKTHENEIE HAMEHEHMA, NPUROAAWINE K Gonee acbcbeKTHBHOMy HCNoNEsOBAHWIO MaTepnanos, ABNAIOTCA ayMA cbakTOpaMM, CNOCOCCTEyOUMA cTaOMnMayNM ‘cnpoca Ha cipbeasie Marepwant baxropann, Oani 1 xx — ynenuee- ue 3aTpar Ha nporraBoncTRO caMitx Ma- ‘Tepwaios, PaBHbIM O6pa30M 13-32, oaopoxaiis oneprun. C 19725. CILIA cpeanas croumocts (c y4eToM HH- ‘asuns) anextposnepran Hytrin Bo3- Poca maBoe, @ NpHponHOro rata — yerBepo. MiloTie oTpacmit no pow- ROMCTAY ChIPKEOKIX MaTepiaOR 5T- YOTCA BECEM IHEPTOENIIM, T. €. NO- TpeGRIOT skaWUTENMbHOe KOTHNECTRO oneprimt mpi nposnmoncrse ents npoayxunit. 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B 1975 r. nuicoxonpoxtian 1 He- Pxavetoutan crams, Menombsyewaa pH ‘NPOHIBONCTBE HerKOBOTO aBTOMOGHNA, cocransa 5% o6uero Koni¥ecToa 1. ACKOMORAHHO! Ha 9TOT aBTOMOGHIN cranu; 8 1985 r. — 14% H, Kak nomara- fOT cheuHamHcTEi, npesbicHT 20% B Ha- sae 90-x ronos. Takite navettttix co- nponoxnaiores yMenbitenem cmpoca a oBbIUHYIO crate, Tax KAK KANDI utnorpaMN BKICOKOMPOMHOM cram pene 3amenset 1,3 Kr o6biuHod yiepomicToh cram win wyryHa. Xora TeieHUmN MIHpOKOTO MPHMe- ents Maepwartos-aamesirrench 1 60- nee »herruHoro Heriontso.amt cH) eauix MaTepnaion ® Nlocnemime rom YeUMANHeD, OF, RePORTHO, He ABRIOT- ca cron ‘Ke waxninn daxropanin YMenBnleMiH choca Ka CHIPBEABIC Ma- ‘epwansi, KAK Henantio poaHIRUIee #Bze- me HaconeHW pstnKOS TpanUioH- HBX MaTepHanOB m opieNTHPOBARHE Pailtkos noTpeSirrentcKix TORAPOR Ha HoRy!O, Mesee MaTepHAOEMKyHO TPO- ayxuino. B XIX w tauane XX a. aHan- ‘TenbibiA empoe Ha cTaN® w eMeNT 8 CIA 6st Bbissan cTpowremscTEOM SneMeHTOR HHI>PACTPYETYDA, BKMIONERapromarnctpamt, cpenctpa o6uiecTpentoro Tpancnopra, KoMMepyeckHe Mt >KILTBIE 3slaNHR. B Ha- croailiee mpeM comanwe uNpactpyK- ‘TypbI No¥TH sazepuicHo. B revenHe BOT YAKE MHOTHX eT ceTb xKeesHEIX OPOr coxpalliaerea, a TeMmbi cTpowTembcTaa anTomaricrpaneh samemannce B 60-x romax pesyaibrare sapepuienua cTpoH- Tenuctna Gonbunelt wacTH MexktlITaTHOM cuctembt apToMoGumbnetx aopor. Fo- TpeGHOCTS B HOBLIX AKUTBIX NAOWIATSX Gyner, HecoMMeNHO, YMeHBUIATKCR 13- 3a npekpauienwia pactukpenna MonombIx ospacTHeIX rpyrin Hacenenus. Eanct- enwag o6nIacTs, rite cOXpaNseTCR BLICO- Knit cHpOc Ma Crab w ueMeHT, — 370 cTpoHTemscrso KoMMepHeCKHX 3aHnf, XOTR PBIOK cbipsesbix MaTepHaos ‘aneck He Cron BeaMK. Zipyrue orpacan npomeiuienboctis, npowsBoamuie ChIpkeRKIe MaTepHanst, TawKe CTOIKHYAUICE, XOTA HB MeHBUEHL cTenettt, ¢ npo6reMoft HaMeHieHHA B xa- PakTepe cnpoca Ha CBO PomyKuHO. Hanpunep, 2 50-e 1 60-e ronsi nanGonce GuicTpo PacuNpABLINMCA PLIHKOM U1 GyMaxkHOM poMbIMUNeNHOCTH GEIT PBt- HOK rodpupowannoro Kaprowa wim yna- KoBoWHDIx KopOGOB: K 1970 r. 3TOT BI xenemble 2oporn, SCIAM-MAGAZIN ‘SPA CbIPbEBbIX MATEPMANOB: YTO AANBUWE? 9 109 180 reo 80) z a * . Ss = z 08 é 3 5 0 z = 2 }00% = 2 g 8 = "5 7 7 é 4@8 e z 5 8 - | +|~ ° ° a HOK AOCTHT HACHILLEHHS, NOCKOEKY Bes NPOAYKUHA, 34 HCKTMONEHHEM KPYTIHOra- GapuTHoll 1 cuinyunx MatepHanos, cTa- na yhaxoptisatece 8 rodpupowaHHsic Gymaxnble kopoGa. Haceiutenne peinxa HeOpranNueckHX XHMUINECKHX MaTepHa- OR MOXHO MPONAMOCTPHPOBATE Ha pHMepe axoTHeIX ya0Gpennh, Ha upo- HBBORCTRO KOTOKIX HET OKO 80% Scero aMNMHAKa, —MPONSBOAHMOTO CUA. C 1955 no 1980 r. mpoxsBoacTB0 ‘THX yaoGpenMt Bospoco Gonice NeM B ects pas. Pacumpene peinka 9Toft ponykusit saMeaiMTca, nocKomBKy GonbunHcTRO cenbcKoXO3RiIcTBEHHEIX rorefl p HacTosuiee spema 1lonywaeT 10- craTounoe Konmuectso yaoGpennt, @ MBINEIINHE BRICOKHE HEMI Ha yaO6pe- ns JacTaMAmIOT HCNOMBsOBATE HX Go- nee xppexrusHo. Hpyrum npumepom HaclleHHs peINKa OHOTO 13 XHMHNC~ ‘cKHX MaTepiiasion — B nanHoM cay¥ae opraiu4eckoro — RBs1sCTCR PLIHOK cHH- ‘TeTiueckHX BOTOKOH. OCHOBHBIE NOTPe- Gwenn >ToR npoayxunn — wsefitian, MeGesibHas H aBToMOGNTbHaR NPOMBIL- aennocts. B HacTostitee spents HeOGKO- ANMOCTb paclllHpeHlin TpoHsBoncTBA CHRTETHYECKHX BOTOKOH B CLIA npaK- ‘Tusecku oTcyTeTByeT. bIHOK norpeOuremscKux ToBapos auMTenbHoro Moma0paHHS TaKKe npnGaiKaerca K rpanMue pocta, #70 ‘actiMHo oGycnoBneno —us0GuANeM THX TOBAPOB B MpOMBILLINEHHO pasBH- ‘Tbix crpaHax. 3a npowieauite HecKonb~ Ko necaTHAeTHH GomBulHCTEO ceMent HOnyMWWO BOIMOKHOCTE mpHOGpeTATs HACDIEHME PIHKOB Tawxe cnocotctayer cTabwnusaynn cnpoca Ha OCHO Hble MaTepwanbi. 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Ccpeanil cpox nosies0BaHiA NeTKOBLIM aB- ‘Tomosiiem cocranagn ,5—6 net. 3atest (On peako ypenNiLICH (HaCTHUHO B PesysIb- ‘TaTe NOBBICHBILE!ICR HaeAHOCTH Y3108 asromoGunef), nocturiys 7,4 roma K nawany 1983 r. Bonsunmictso 3xcnep- ‘TOR NO aBTOMOGHTEMOM PbIHKY CHITA eT, TO B OGo3puMom Gyatyuie OGbeM Toprosan HOBKIMH MauuMHaMH GyneT ocTanaTbca Ha yposue cepenunei 70-x roaon. TMoao6umte Tenenunt naG.n10- alOTCA H Ha PRIHKe KPyNHOrO Gs1TOBO- Fo oGopyioBaHnis, TaKOrO, KaK KyXON- Mble ANTE, XonOMWIBHNKH, CTPA HBLe MAlIMHBI HM cyMIMABHBIe LKade1 NockonbKy GombiumHcTBO ceMeft uMeeT nomMsift KoMMeKT TaKoro OGopyz0Ba- nua. TIpowssozcTs0 3Tof npoayKumit HaLIeneHO He Ha pacummpeHNe PHIKa, a cxopee Ha sameny ycrapesuiero oGopy- HORAN HORKIM. Hactimteio peinikos chipscenix ma- ‘Tepitanoe cnocoBcrayer u apyroe, oT HocHTenbHO HOBOE slBsIEHHe — WaMeHe- ite B xapaxTepe cnpoca notpeGurenedi ¢ ypenuyennem Wx aoxo08. B wacTomuice spema norpeSuremi O6biuHO NpesnONH- ‘TaIOT He TPaTHTs AONOANHTETBMBI A0- XOa Ha NpHoGpeTense TOF, TO ¥ HX yike HMeeTeR, KaNpuMep eute CAHOMI Ma- usmust, BMecto 3ToFo oHs npHoGpera- oT Taxue npeaMers1, Kak BHAcOMArH- ‘To*oHM, NepconamuaBte KOMMBIOTEpH 4M MporpammHoe oGecnevennie K MM. Hononmmrenvueii aoxom TawKe Tpa- TWTcR Wa WleHcKMe —BaHOCEI Bw choprusHo-osn0posiTenbubic KaySu, Ha YayUUleHHe AKNHOTO MenMUMHCKOTO ‘oGcay2xunaHns yenyrHt no npeaocTé IeHIO HAopMauH O Kypce KUHL Ha onnoBon Gupxe. XoTR nomoGHBIe no- TpeGuTenuckHe Tonape Hm ycnyrH He cpapnumet Mexkay COOH, ORM XapaKre- DHayIOTER HISKHM YPoBHEM HenOMb30-10 aHHs CbIpbeBhIX MaTepHazton. BHacTo- sulee Bema Ne cyulecTRyeT GonbILIK ROIMOXHOCTEM NO COUAMHIO HOBLX 110- ‘TpeGHTeNBcKUX TOBApOB AMTeNbHOTO nomb3oBanns, KOTOPbIe XapakTepHs0- paqich Gb! BLICOKOH MaTepHanoemKoc- Tho. 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CUA pacnostara- JOT pasHooGpasHbinn TexHonOrHMeckis- MM PecyPcaMit, HcnONbIOBAHHe KOTO psix Gyner cnoco6crBoRaTs nosmsieHMo a pote HoBoR npoaykumH. K ToMy 2e Ta MlOTPeGHOCTE B MaTepHanaX, KOTO- Pai MOxeT GLITE ynoBneTBopeHa 3a caer McHOmB3OBaHHR — BTOpHNHOrO cuipba, o6sivHo wamMoro GombUle (NO cpapnemo c Havansuon ax0% GuictT- oro pocta enpoca) Tora, Kora cnpoc ‘octaeTeR nocTosHHbiM, HAJIM3 otpacnen npomemitentio- CTH, MpowsBonsUX CTAB, amto- Muiuit, 2THAeH H ByMary, NoKadBiBaeT, Kak MOXET MeHATKER CHTYALM OT O2- Holt orpacan k apyroft npH OBEIX P! HouMbIx ycnosHAX. HanGonee anMTenb- BiH nepwoa «sacToa» cnpoca Ha MpOHa- BOAUMyIO MpomyKUIO Ha6mORaTCA B craneswTeiiHofl nponbiuisIeHHOcTH, 4TO MMeO secbMa HeGnaronpiATHBIe nO- cnencrsua ang Hee: ¢ 1950 r. » CLA Gein MlOcTpOcHs! TONBKO ABA HOBEIX cTaNennaBMAbHIX 3aRONA C NONHBIM MeTanaypriveckim WNKIOM (Te. 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B one 70-x — nawame 80-x roon cexrop cranennrefivoft — npoweiuinenocta, nnpencTaanenneii MitHH-JaBoaNH, pac- unpasics exeronHo Ha 10%, 5 1983 r. a ero lomo mpuxoaunock 18% wceft cranm, sbinnasaaemofl 8 CUA. Zo Ha- cTosulero BpeMeu MiHII-sap0maM B Ue- {OM NPHXOLMAOCD OTPAHHYMBATECK BEI nyckoM cTam, comepxsaieh sHauntTem oe KomvecTBO mpHMecell (ocoGeHHO sean). 3a eweT TexHonOrHYecKHIX yoo- ‘epuenterBosauinit (Hampuep, mpuime- enna cnocoGos yaartenns npustecei) am yayamenus cnoficre cram (HanpH- ‘Mep, nOBKILIEHHA €€ KOBKOCTH) accop- THMeHT BbInycKaeMOM MpoayRUNH MO- xer Gute pacumper. Muiti-sanonst Moram 6st MpoHsBoAMTs #13 aBTOMO- GunHoro MeTaxToNOMa nucToBy10 Talib ATA HOBBIX MalNH H-TeM caNtbINt axsT® Ha ceBx> sHauTeNbHYIO YacTb pbinka, KoTopyto ceflvac OGecnewBaioT WWW. SCIAM-MAGAZINE NAROD.F OPA CbIPLEBbIX MATEPHANOB: YTO JANBILE? " 30 T T T | | | | | a| —_ a gona npoayKynn! | MAHIGABOROB 27 ¢ 8 a 515 £ 8 & 0} — — | gona Bcen — cranHomnPonyKunn | | 5 = = Pa | | | | | | | | ° | 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 ICNONbSOBAHNE BTOPMYHbIX MATEPMANOB Moxer yMeHbUMTh BRMAHKE HM: Nopra waTepwanos § NPOMBIUINeRHO pasBUTEIX CTPaHaX. YepHOA KPMBOA NoKasaHa AONA uMnopTa CraNbHOA NPORYKUMM Ha CTANbHOM PbinKe CLA, YBeTHOA KPMBOA — CTansHOA NPOAYKUMM, NPOMSBCAMMOA MUHHsaBOAEMM, HCnONbsyIOWMMA B Ka MecTse cbipeA CTanbHo# Nom. XOTA 8 YenOM 8 CTanennasnnsHon NPOMBILNeHMOCTH ons umnopta BospacTaer, B ceKTope, nPegcTasnenHoM MuHW-3azoAaMn, 9TOM TeH- AeHUMK HE KAOMORAETCA. ABTOPEI CTATbH CHHTAWT, 4TO NPOMBIUNEHHO pasBMTHIe CTpaHbt OyAYT BbIHYAKAEHLI YCTYNNTk BHAUMTENLHyIC YACTe NpoYeCcoE No O6pabor- ke nepswunbix maTepvanos ApyruM cTpaHaM, rae W3AepKKM Ha CrnaTy Pabovert cH- bt Chipbe MKe. STH NOTEpH MOryT ObITS YaCTHUNO KOMMHCHpOBAMB! 3a CHET pac: mpeninn OTpacnen NpoMbIUNeHHOCTH, OCHOBAHHEIX Ha WCNONeSOBAHMM BTOPMUMEIX marepuanos, cTanenaapiabisie npeanpuatia ¢ non MbIM MeTaMAYPINMECKHM WHIKTOM. Zpyrof oTpacasio npometuienno- TH, B KOTOpOH NepBH¥tEte npeanpHA- ‘THA yMeHbUIaIOT OGseM MPoNsBONCTBA, @ BTOPHYNBE MPOUBETAIOT, AAIAeTCR amomnitinesaa npoMiuinentiocts. Kax ye OTMeWaOCb BbIlLIe, IHAMNTETEHYIO wacTb 3aTpat mpm npousBomcTse nep- BHYHOTO AMOMHHNA COCTABARIOT saTpa- Te Ha sneKTposHeprin. YaennweHie cTonMoctit | KBT-4 3neKTposHeprit a | nent npmsoauT x nloBsnuieKiHo Crom MOCTH NpoHSBONCTRA AnIOMIHHS. #3 DY- abt Na 10%. 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[ostomy Y propnuoro cekropa ele uMecTea BosMOxHOCT» Sbicrporo pocTa; 3a ne- pom ¢ 1970 no 1983 r. nox nporspom- MoM uM mpoaykustn yBemnusace € 20 20 33%. TIpoucxoanuiee cefivac pacumpe- nue 3Toro cexropa, rnashbim opasom ya cveT HCMOMBsORANNA B KaWECTBE CHIpHR cTapBIX amOMMHEBEIX GaHOK, BepostHo, 6yeT mponomeareca.2 MPOV3BONCTBE stusewa 8 CUIA na@monaeTcs HecKOmIbKO HHA Kap- THHta, HEM B CTaNeTNTeRHOR M ANION Huesofl NpoMMILINEHHOCTH, MOCKOTEKY CIA spnsotcx 8 KoHeNHOM c¥eTe (7. e. ¢ yNeTOM cooTHOMIeHHa 9KCHOpTA M uMMopra) IxcHopTepom oTHIeHa. B 1984 r. 9KcnopT >THneHa cocTaBHn 8% oGuero oGsema npowssoneTBa 3roft npoayxunu. Tem He mene hakToper, KoTopbiMs o6ycnonnen 3KcriopT Mera OB, MPOHSBORUMEIX TlepBHYHBIMH CeK- ‘Topannt, urparor onpeaenenuyio pomb H wa peinke 3THNIEHa. ITHNeH, cLIpbeM Ana KOTOPOTO cHYAUT Hehe HTH Hed- ‘TAHOM Fas, RBAKETCR BAXKHBIM KOMMOHE- HTOM MHOFHX MpoMeXYTOMMBIX XIN Necknx coeanmenif. 3 3THAcHa nony- waloT NommoTHAeH H apyrue MonUMEpE a Tawxke JTHZeHTIMKON 1 ITHOBEI cnupt. B uexoroptx crpanax kpynisie Hopbie 3aposist Mo MpowsnoxeTBY 3Tux MaTepnanon H 9THNeHA cTpoATCR HAH ye NocTpocHbt pafionax, uMeroux ompeneneinbie npenmywiectsa. Ha Zlannem Boctoxe Takum npenmyuiect- BOM #B/KCTCS GUINSOCTS PRLHKOB COBITA; a Batxnem Boctoxe, » Kasane Mex- cuke — Gnnaskoe pacrionoxerme cuipbe- BBIX pecypcos, HANpHMep HCTONMHKOR grala, KOTOpbIM cnomHO TpaHcnopTH- posars, Bron B 2xcnnyaraumo 9Twx peaMpuaTufl cyuecTBEHHO CHHBHT 20- ato CUIAB suposoMm npowsoncrse otuaena. B wenameKom Gysyutem 9Kc~ OPT OCHOBHEIX MPOHIBOAHMIX ITHTEHA 3 CWA, pepoxTHo, coxpariitea, Hm KOHeuHOM cueTe, Mlocrte TOTO Kak TAHT OWeRHAHO, 4TO HMMOpTHBIM 9THIEH ne jeane, nocnenyeT sameamenue TeMnos POHTENIBCTRA HOBBIX 3ABOOB 110 NpO- maponcTey 3Toro Matepuana B CIA. To ke camoe MOKHO CKasaTE HO NpOHs- BONCTBE MPYFHX OCHOBHBIX oprantue- RIX XHMICCKHX MaTepHarTOB. B Menbuiell crenenit Banaunwo yrasan- HBIx TeHAeHUMMI TloaBepxeHa GyManKHaa npomtiunennocte. To xpaitneh mepe B HacTosuliee BpeMa ona oGecrewna cebe HOCTORMHOe MecTO Ha PslHKe 9per H- opmauim rnasieim o6pasom Grarona- Da CTPeMMTeNBHOMY pocTy cnpoca Ha mucayio GyMary. («Bes6ymaxnbie yu PeXAEHHRY BOIMOAKHBI TONBKO B Gy;ty- tem.) O6utee norpeGnenie Gymaru, oT- necennioe k eammme BHT, yMenmaer- A, ONaKO B mepecweTe Ha ayy Hacerte- Hugi 9TOrO YMEHBLICHHA He HaGmonaeT- ca. Bonee Toro, cnpoc Ha uenaton03y GyMary Wa MApOBOM PBIHKe, BEPORTHO, B MpencTosuNe HeCKOBKO ET Pe3KO Bospacter. CIA pacnonaraior aocta- TOUNLIMH MecHBIMH pecypcaMH, cpeseT- BaMH MpOWSBONCTBA HW TexXHHMeCKHM onsitom, 4TOGbi yennuNTS axcnopT GymaxHon MpoayKuw aia ynoRsIeTBO- PeHHA ToTpeOHocTH B Hef B apyrHx crpanax. HanGonsumm cnpocom 8 cTpanax-ummoptepax oGKIUHO TOmB3y- SCIAN-MAGAZINE.NA B MUPE HAYKM- 1986/NP 8 ores ana siiaa GyMaxknoll mpomyxiin: o6nmuoBowHe: kapToH — osicoKoNpoH- waif MaTepwad, 3 KoTOpOrO. WarO- Tapnusaior Kopoba ¢ rogpuposannsinn npoxnaskanin, 1 pbicoKoKawecTHeHtian uenmiono3a na nponsBoneTBa pastioo- Gpasno!t npoayxusn. Muorme crpant, nmeroutne coGcReHnbie GyMarkiiie 32~ Bomb, BEIHYDKTIEHBI TeMt He Menee HN nopruposar 2TH matepyanst. Toso My akTHBHaR BHeweTOpropas NlomHTH- xa Morsa Got npuBectH K sHawnTenbHO- My yBesHvenito OGxeMa aMepHKaHCKOTO axcnopTa GyMaxkioft npoayxuiH. KonGnnanna spentix _attyTpernx PLINKOB H BOSpoCUIE KONKypeHUNH Ha BHeuiHem pornke, ¢ xoTOpo!t cTomKHY- Awe OTPacnH MpoMAAEHHOCTH No O6- paGorke marepitasios Kak m CUIA, Tax H 3 Apyrux npometuinenio passirrEnx erpanax, uMeet Gonbitioe sHavenne cucreme naanmponania. Te, KTo onpe- engeT 2koHoMUUECKyIO —TONMTHKY B NPOMBIMINEHHO paxBHTHIX cTpaHar, ONAN MpHBHATB, HTO TaKHE MepEt, ax ey6cuayponanue, Hanpuinep, crane. ANTeRHOR npommuizeHHOCTH, He TPH eayr k GkicTpoMy ee pacumpenino, no- eKoNBKY 370 HE BBIDOBET MoBDMCHA enpoca wa crab. Orpacn npomern- RenwocT#, npowsBonsuIne cHIPKEDBIE MaTepiaiibt, He CMOTYT NOBHICHTS CHO10 KowxypentTocnocoGuocts, ecnu 6yay Menombs0BaTs ycTapeBilyo TeXHon0- rmio. YToGst 3TH oTpacan ystonteTEO- AIH coupeMeHHBIN TPeGOBAMHAM, He- OGxoAHMO BHeMpenNe cyillecTRenMDIX TexHonorMecKHX HopwecTs. B. mpo- UIMOM cTuMyAOM GbicTporo paraNTHS Textionorun Ovi GsteTpEill poct cnpoca Ha MaTepianbt, onHako 9TOT cTHMyA celivac oreytersyer. cau orpacan NPOMBULNEHHOCTH, NpOsBBOARLNE Ma ‘Tepnanbt, HaMepeHts ananTHpORATHCR K NGMEHRIOWIHMR YeTOBHAM, TO HM, BO- MOKHO, Gyayt HeOGXOMMM! «BHEUINHE TnMyaioi», Takne, Kax HaOrOBAR TOA TuKa H MporpamMa Hay¥Ho-necne10Ba- TesIKCKHX. H OMBITHO-KOHCTPYKTOPCKHX paspa6orox. Hesse ‘cTHe cbIPkeRBIX MaTepHaoR, He- comHenHio, Tpe6yloT AoHOANMTeABHBIX YCHAML CO CTOPOHKI OpraHoB IKOHOMI- Neckoro naauponanus. OataKo & HeKo- ‘TopEIX OTHOULEHHAX OHH MoryT OGner- 4HTS naaHuposanne. B yacTHOcTH, OT- kas OT nepsiuneix craauA oGpaGoTKH MaTepianios nossomun Gut craGusMsii- PoRaTs WH ake YMeHbULNTe NoTpeS- TeMHe IMePrHH B MpOMBUNEHMOCTH. Tlockomsxy npouece oGpaGoTKut chipee- BBIX MaTepnanos Tpe6yer ropasno Gonbune sHeprun Ha I Onn. croumocTH nponyKunM, YeM npoueccs! HaroroBiTe- ia H OTAETKH, TO axe HeGonbUIOE cO- Kpamtenne oGsema oGpaGoTKH MaTepHa- OB MOXeT 3HaMNTeMHO OBMUAT Ha yPoBene 2HepreTHuecKix 3aTpaT B NpO- MuuuienHocti (koTOpEIt w 1984 r. co- CTaBHA ABE NATSIX BcelL a7eKTpODHE- rum, noTpeGaxeMoit » CIA). B cpoest AHaTHE MBI HEXORHM H TOFO, TO MpO- usgoaerso 8 CUA arperporaniinix wa ‘Tepuasion GyneT ocTaBaTsca MpHMEpHO HOCTORHHLIM: Mexkay 1984 2000 rr. Tipeanozaras, sro »pibextuBHocTs ne- nomss08anNx >Heprius w NpOMBILAEHHO- eT Gyner exeronHo BospacraTs Ha 120% » tevenne aToro nepstona, cneny- er OXIMATS yMeHbIMeHIE NOFPeGAeEHNR oueprumt B epeatient na 20%; ene0Ba- TenbHo, moTpeGyeTeR sHewHTeNHO -MeHBuLe KAMHTasIOBNIO-KeHH Ha OBecTe- ‘euie npoeiuinensocTit sHeprielt, went MOXKHO MPeAMOAOKUTS Nexon H3 CTaH- apTHbix oueHOK. Yotenbuewe enpoca wa sveprito npwpenieT TaKcke K saMesLIEHINO TeNHEH- nil poxpacTanins neni Ha Hed)Ts wa Ni POBOM pore, KoTOpas HeiGexHO 6y- er waGmionaTecr 8 npeacroRuue necR- ‘THAETHA, MHOCKONEKY MMpOBAR PBIHON- Has 9koNOMMKa BHODE HaNHHGeT cHLbO 3aBHCeT® OT MOCTABOK HeTH 13 30HK Tepcuackoro sama, rae cocpenoTowe- va sWaNirTenbHas NacTs MupoRBIx 3ana- cop HedTn, CnenonarembHo, BnononHe- ule K 9KOHOMHNECKOM pAIrOMe GyzeT naGmonaTbcx yMeMbilieNe conepHH- vecpa 3a oGanatine ace Gonee ueToura- roumcn pecypeamm. Kpome Toro, yoteourene enpoca ma MaTepuamet Moro Gxt criocoGcTBOBATs pewieHIHO Pana mpoBrem oxpant oKpyAatoUelt ‘cpent, Bospacravoux pH yeemmweHit norpeGnenus marepitason. ‘Yanreinan pbnuleckavannoe, sasep- iuienve 2pst CbIPKEBEIX MaTEpHaIOB HH KouM oGpasoM Henb3e paceMarpitBaTe Nu necCHMMCTHYECKH. OZHaKO, KaK H ‘moB0e Apyroe sHaNHTenbHOE HBMEHE- THNe B 2KOHOMIKE, OHO HeceT He TOmBKO BBIFOMBI, HO H BBICOKHE 2KOHOMHECKHE Pacxombt TeM, KTO uMeeT Gombitine Ka- murratonnoxeni B NpoIBONETEO Ma- Tepwazion. BaxHO MONWEPKHYT», HTO 8 Hacronuiee spent nponexoarT dynuta- MenTambHBIE H, BHANMO, HeOOpaTHaLE pMenens B 9KoKONHKe. FTpoMeiuieH- No paaBHTste crpansi sRaigioTeR cpyte- ‘TesIRMM BOHHKHOREHIIR HiAOpMaTIH- POBaHHOTO OGULeCTBA, B KOTOPOM 3K0- onmvecxith poct onpeneaserca mpow- BoneTBOM —_BbIcOKOTEXHONOTHNECKOH "Mponystinn ¢ oTHOCHTeMBHO HHaKOH Ma- Tepnatoemnoctsi0. B arom oGuiecrae cuipsesbie MatepHasi GyayT nponon- 2xaT® MenOMsoBATBCR CTONE xe MHTEH- cHMHO, Kak HB apyrHx O6ueeTBAX. Bax- Hefluunt kT cOcTONT B TOM, TO Nlo- TpeGrenne sTHx Marepianon Gonbine He Gyner sospacrars. B npencrosuute ro- Abt akoWOMHMECKIHM Yerlex H HeynaN npomuunenio paseirrbix crpaitax 6y- AYT 3aBlICeTE OT cHIOCOGHOCTH HX 2KOHO- MItKiE OTRE4AT HORLIM yonORMEM.WWIW.SCIAM-MA AZIN 50 u 100 nem Hadad SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN MIOHb 1936 r. Tex, kro ynupactes ac- TPOHONMECKHNG —YHEAAMM, —moKHA owaponars Honan yqbtpaneTpudyra Wa akenepHMenTambHof cTanunn ion0- na 8 Yuanuwurrone, wir. Henassp. Po- Top paccutran Ha paGoTy B TeveHne MpoaOmkuTeMbHOTO -RPEMeHH CO _CKO- pOCTEIO 60 000 06/miH, Gnaronaps Ko- ‘Topoii comiaerea ueHTpoGexHAR CHa, 8 250 000 pas npeatiuiaiomas cnay 7% xectn. B Taxi yonoBHax Macca 8 I Kr secuia Gut 250-r. Ckopocts nepniepiii- Nbix ToweK poTopa cocrasnseT Goniee 30 ku/Mii, TO 8 nOnTOpa pasa mpesbiura- eT ckopocts seiaera nyau 22-ro KamNG- pa. Yeranouxka npuweceT HeoueHuMy!o hombay ang ccnenosanHi 6 oGnacTH komOMAHOM XMM, KoTOPaR BKMIOWAeT XHMINIO rHiTanTeKHX MomeKy:1. Toa wayunuix uccaeaovaunit croxt 3a yee vcnonbaoBAHMA cemBCKOXO- alicToeHbIx KYABTYP B KavecTBe MpO- Metuutentoro cuipes. FIpiMepoM moryT ‘cayaure coebite GoGt. B 1935 r. npo- MBINITEHHOCTEIO BLO HCOMBIORAHO nowri 9 Mail. Kr npuBesenHoro B CLIA ‘coenore macra. Touosoe norpednenne KpaxMaia aMepHkaHcKoit TeKCTHABHOM MpoMbiMINeHHOCTHIO HaMepseTCR cOT- Han MIuUOHOR KiIOrpaMMoB; Tom KO HemaBHO Ob10 DOKAIaHO, 4TO ays unit xpaxMan staeT 1oxneift cnankuti kaprodens, mpnvem depmep nonyyaeT 40 ona. c axpa 3a OHH TOnbKO 3TOT mpoayxt. A oGnacrH npuwenenua xno ka Gnaronapr BosMoxHocTH xuMIYe- ‘KOTO npespamenus ero B uenmONOSy euncmmoTes BykBaabHo COTHRMH. Tlowrn nce Hacexomuie, Koropste Gui au cayvafiio 2anerenst & CUA, cram NG0 HeNPHATHOH TloMexoti, GO pe- AsBHOM YIPOIOH MAK cemBcKOrO xO- aalicrra, JloctaTouno Bchommurs ony- cTOUeNHs, BbIsBaHNEe eoponeficKHs. KYKYPYSHLIM TouMABUIIKOM, cTpalli- HbIM SINOHCKHM KYKOM H.MIOKHHOM MpY> rurx Buon. B >Tolt cansi uHTepecHO OT- MeTHTL Homb3y, KTOPyIo NpHHOCAT 6O- Tomoms!, ¢ afmertom mocaaioune Maccy apyrux HaceKOMbIN. Cayx6a nectoro xossiicrsa o6snBH- ya © coanaMMH HOBOTO MpAGopa, Ha ‘anannoro GaflpamoscxHM H3MepHTerem, -tymatta. B cBS3H C BAAHOMI POs1bHO, KO- ‘ropylo yenonua BuAMMOCTH MFpaioT B oGwapyxkeni slecHBix NoxApOR, MOA- Ho npiseteTsowaTl PaspaGoTKy npo- croro H uyacTanrenbiioro yeTporicTna, HosBonsioUlero ONEHMBATe BIHAKHE TY- Matta Wa BHLHMOCTE JalTeKMX O2KAPOE Aetictaue usMepurens ocHosaHo Ha YCTaHOBNEHHOM HeaapHo ¢aKTe, To cTonG apima cratouutes eulua saMer- HbIM HaGmOaTEMIO C XOPOLINM apeHH- eM Ha hove, apKocts KoToporo PasHa ApHMepno 60% spKocth HeGa Ha ropHt- aonre. TIpuGop npencrasnset co6ott MexaMHNecKoe mpiicnocoBneHe Ayia wa XOAMEHNS Ha saNAMadre TONKH, RP- OCT KOTOpofi panHa 60% sPKOCTH He~ 6a Ha ropmioHe. PaccroanMe 10 3Toit ‘TONKH HaHOCHTER B COOTHeTCTAYIOUIEN MacwsTaGe Wa KapTy; OHO Hasbisacten «paccTomHuem wanGomuell sHauMo- THD, T. e. paBHO MaKCHMa:IBHOMY pac- TORINO, Ha KOTOPOM B ONpeitesIEHHOM. HanpaBnensin WB OnpemeneHHoe Bema MORKHO HaulenTECA OGHapy:KHTE cTONS bia onpeaeaeHHeIx pasmepos. Ms Aura coo6uaor, 470 «ant. WAKCOMHAR» KAMNaHHA, HaMaBUance He TaK MaBHO ¢ HeMbIO NopEIWeHHs 6e30- hacHocTH asToMoGuiNcTOB, npoxoaMT B pbiculefl cTerienm yenewHo; avazorHy- Heifl aKcnepuMeNT nposomHTcs B Hii0- Mopxe. Ecam GsiTs Gonce TouNBIM, «ant- THKaKCOMbIED KANMTaHNN NpecsIeayrOT {ABE LLCs: BO-TlepBBIX, CHICHHE YPOBHR MyMa B MepeHacerteHHBIx PallOHax, BO- BTOPBIX, HOBbUIeHHe GesoMAcKOCTH aB- ToMOGHANCTOB, KOTOPbIe B ONACHBIX cuTyaumsx ckriomlet Gomeuse nosaraTt- cm Ma 3ByKOBOM cHTHaL, eM Ha TOP- Moza. Hopetit nemeuxait uentnesmn LZ-129, ‘oxpeutentbin «PuntenGyprom», Gne- crate npowien nerHete nembrTans. 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