B MUPE HAYKH SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN VW3qanue Ha pycckom A3bIKe ( enmstopo 9 1987WWW. SCIAM-MAGAZINE. NAROD.F Bunumanun tnmameren! B 9T0M roay 12-1 Homep xkypHana B MHPE HAYRH GyseT uenHKOM NOcBALIeH COBpeMeHHOIi BLIMHCANTENBHO! TeXHUKe. B nero soitayt 11 o630pHEix crateli BenymMX aMepHKaHcKHX cnenmasHcToB. B Hux GyayT ocBeMleHbI pasIM4HbIe ACHEKTHI, OTPArKalOUlwe MECTO BHIYHCIINTENIbHbIX MALIK B COBPeMCHHOMt HayKe, NPOH3BOACTBE, MeqMUHHe H Apyrux chepax. B craTbax npesnonaraetca paccMoTperb OcHOBHBIE HanpaBsienus, B KOTOPbIX Pa3BHBacTCA COBPCMCHHAA BbINHCIINTEIbHAaA TEXHHKa, a TAKKE Hay4Hble 1 TeXHHMeckHe IpOGieMBI, CTOsLIMe Ha MYTH ee slasIbHelituero MporpeccuBHoro pasBuTHA. B xypHasie niakupyetca onyGnHKkoBaTb CHesyIOUlMe CTaTLH: A. Teneo COBPEMEHHAA BbIMACIIMTENbHAR TEXHUKA W MEPCNEKTHBBI EE PASBUTUA (@vpma 18M) Tipe. Bore ‘APXMTEKTYPA (KanuepopHniicKwn Texnonormvecknit uHeTUTYT) Tox. Meitnoa ‘SNEMEHTHAA BASA (Crancbopacnisn ynnsepcnter) M. Kpaidep YCTPOMCTBA NAMATH (Yawsepowrer Kapnery-Mennona) Foe, Poneit VHTEPOEMCbI (Yawpepcurer Ax. Bawmnrrona) P. Kan KOMMBIOTEPHBIE CETH (@npma Corporation for National Research Initiative) rn Zi. Howcenepamep OAM mupe raya. 1POTPAMMMPOBAHME npwumaeton zo soex. WenbcKit yauBepenrer) otgeneHunx «Consnewarb». 17. Xam, Joe. Cyccman UeHa opHoro HoMepa 2 BbINUCIIUTENbHBIE CUCTEMbI yea roqoBon nognucku 24 p. ANA HAYYHbIX ACCHEAOBAHMA Wnigexc xypHana 91310 {Minctutyr nepenexTmanbix no «KaTanory raseT w KypHanoB vccnegosanui) SapyO@KHbIx CTpat T° Perneave, 3. Mopmaug aspen s/lepeBOANbIe HAYMHEIE BL IYACHIMTENbHBIE CHCTEMD! WHay\Ho-TexHnNeckwe KYPHANSI-. ATG MERULMH BL TIDARADITAECHES Sams gerne ona CracpcoRoHOTD «B Mvpe Hayku» MorkHo —YH4BepcHTeTa) Hanpasnate no agpecy: A. Ipucman 121019 Mocksa, BbINACIIMTENbHbIE CACTEMbI 7 Mpocnexr Kanununa, 9. 26, AIA NPOMbIWIEHHbIX NPEANPMATHA n/a 42 MockoscKua fiom KHurv — (cbupma Boeing Computer Services)AZIN B MHUPE HAYKH CTATBH 6 6 44 8 PYBPHKH 3 4,18, 33, 43, 51, 59, 67, 76, 87, 92, 100 5 88 96 102 107 Scientific American . V3qaHue Ha pyCcKOM A3bIKe WuLUOCTPHPOBAHHBIMKYPHAT HEPEBOA C AHFAMACKOFO * BAIXOAMT 12 PA3 B FO - H3AAETCH C 1983 FOAA H3AATEABCTBO «MHP» MOCKBA N° 9- CEHTABPb 1987 B nomepe: Geientitic American, July 1987, Vol. 257, No. 1) Nepeosan rexHonorua w KpHsnc cranenuTenHon npombiuineHHOCTH CUA Jtxyauan Cexeau Mporpeccuanue rextonoruveckue MeTORM, CHIDKAIOUe CTOUMOCTI NPOWIRONCTRA HyFyHA M CTARH, MO- YT NOMOwb MesTKIIM AMePHKANCKIM 348014 NPOTHBOCTORTD AECTKOH KOHKYPENLIIN CO CTOPONDI sHOCT- PANHDIX npouBOAHTEneH. OmHAKO AAR AMITEsIBHOTO MPOTHBOCTORHNR HYAHI NPHHLUTIIBHO HOBIE ‘Texuonoruueckue npoueccst Monekynbi apaTenbHoro Bo30yxKACHHA — JToGepm Cmpaitep Korna $oropeuentropiias knevka ceTuaTKit — nanouKa — norsmouldeT eBeT, HaswNaeTeR KacKAN peaKt pHBOmsU x BOSHHKHOBEHINIO HepsHOFO HMnymbca. B HaCTOmUee BPeMA FTOT KAKA IGYYEH BNAOT 10 nneranell na Mosiexy:tapniont yposne. Katovesyio pont urpaet Genk, Hasbisaentl Tpanicayuinnowt Konbuya YpaHa — xedidipu H. Kysu, Jlappu ¥. Jenosumo Tloweny xonbua Ypaua vakwe yaxwe u TeMmie? Jlanubte, nony¥eNNiie APH NponeTe KocMIIeCKOTO axina- pata «Boanxep-2» 3ToH nnavleTbi, NosBOASOT NpeANONOAUTE, TO HaBmIOAIEMAR CHICTeMa KOE MOXET GuITE acero sD MMONETHBIM anHROROM B BeckONeUNBIX MpOueCcaX comNIANK paapywents AinsoKn w GappepHbie OcTpoBa —Podepm Honan, Pappu uns Bomsuinnerso nekyecruennbix COopyAeHul, NpeaMaaNAMENNBIX JUIN 2aMUETHI ATIaNTHNECKOTO NOGEPEAEA CUIA u noGepexoa MexcixancKoro 2a7utba, 8 KOH KOHUOB NPHXOART B HerOmHOCTS. BaHacTytO Gain0 6 DasyMnee He BMeUIMRATRER B eCTeCTREHKMIE NPOUECCE Boneste Naima — Poaa C. Xaduum, Mpecopu Bex, Axopox JI. Bena ‘ro onacwoe 2a6onenanne BurabinAeTEA GakTepuell, KOTOpAs NepenaeTCR HeTOBEKY c YKYCOM OEHKETO xequa. Pasirrute TsoKembIX cHMNTOMOB aPTpITa, Hepesko conyTeTByroULIX Bones JTaliMa, BOIMOXHO, ‘onocpeayeres perynsTopoM eRTenbHOCTH HMMyHHOR cHCTeMs HtTepsefIKHHOM-1 XOnOpHeit RAEPHBIA CMHTes — Ax Pagieswexuit, Cruaen E. Jxoyne Mioonnt — sacri, no sioroM nonoGnule aeKTpoHAM, — MOTYT KaTanwaIponar® SepHBIe PeaKIL ‘omneTera, TeM caMBIM YCTPAKRR HEOBXOAUIMOCTH: B MOILINBIX a3€PAX Ht BHICOKOTeMeparypHolt ninasMe, He NcxiMO¥eHO, 4TO 3TOT NpoUecc Kor:a-HUGy;e GyeT HeNOBIOBAM AN NPONSBONCTEA IHEPTI A9gpoquvamnka onbineHua BeTpOM — Kapa IIx. Hukaac Muorue pacrenia o6iaaiot nour coBepwiennbinn npitcnocoGsnenuaNi Ax 3axwaTa nepeHOCHNOR BeTpOM mimbubt, LIMUKH, COUBETHS paaTHNHEAX THNOB H APyTHe CTPYKTYPH HaNPABARIOT BOsAyLINIAT OTOK — H BMeCTe c HIM MHiMUeDLe 3epHa, HecyULNe CrepaHnt, — Ha ROCTPHHUAAIOUIYIO MOREPAHOCTE nnooBMx aaeMeHToR Apki 1 caofbl 8 ApeBsHen apxuteKtype BnwxKHero BocToKa ic B. BawGur Ha xuprivia-ceipua 1 rzunanoro pacrsopa erpourenm » ZIpesnens Erunte, Meconoransi 1 JTepanre coopY!AAH APEH Ht CHON, OTIINVABIIHEER COBEPLIENCTBOM POPM MH josIFOBeNHOCTHKO. Hx METOsTEI CTPOM- “TenbeTa H ceFOANA 3aCctYARUBAIOT HayMEN O npexpatyeHi npowssoqcTea Rensuuxca MaTepnanos ANA sAepHOrO Opy>kuA @parx Gou Xunneaw, Mseud X. Oa6paiun, Bap6apa T-JTeeu Buinonvenwe cornamenis 0 mpexpatlienuu npousBoICTHa OcHOBHMIX HHTpemHeHTOR suIepHOro OpyAMs ser- xo nomtaaiocs Gti mpovepke. Takoe CorsiauienHe NOIBOAHNO Gut ycTaHOBHTE Gone xbdeKTHBHLAll KOH ‘Tpomt 3a KOMMNECTBOM OpyANA (Scientific American, September 1985, Vol. 253, No. 3) 06 asropax Hayxa w o6wecTeo 50 v 100 ner nasa, Hayka BoKpyr Hac SaHumarenbHbIn KOMMbIOTep: Kyun ByGnuorpacbuaSCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Harry Myers Jonathan Piel BOARD OF EDITORS Philip Morrison BOOK EDITOR ‘Armand Schwab, Jr. Timothy Appenzeller Timothy M.Beardsley John M.Benditt David L.Gooke, Jr. ‘Ari W. Epstein Gregory R. Greenwell John Horgan, Laurie Burnham Robert Kunzig, James T.Rogers Ricki L Rusting, Karen Wright ‘Samuel L. Howard ‘ART DIRECTOR Richard Sasso DIRECTOR OF PRODUCTION ‘Georg-Dieter von Holtzbrinck PRESIDENT Gerard Piel © 1987 by Scientific American, Inc ‘Tonapunaf astax Scientific American, ero Texer m wpudrosoe obopaenne ‘aunmioTes Mexmouresioll cOBCTBEHHOCTEIO Scientific American, Inc. {CJMUEHEIHOHELIMG tOFOBOPOM B MHPE HAYRH THARHEN PEDARTOP ‘C.F.Kannya JAMECTHTEMTE F1ABHOTO PEAAKTOPA 1.B.Ulenenesa HAY MHBIE PEAAKTOPEL 3.E.Komanosa O.K.Kyapaos T-A.Pymanuesa A.M.CMoTpos ‘A10.Kpachonesyes AMTEPATY PHLIE PEAAKTOPL M.M.Tlonosa M.B.Cypososa XYZOKECTREHHUA PEAAKTOP C.A.Crynoa. SABEAYIOUAR PEAAKUMER T.f), Opank-Kameneuxan PYKOBOAMTEIE FPYNMH GOTOHABOPA T.C.Asnmoe. TEXHHMECKHA PEAAKTOP JF. UypKana KoppeKtor H.A.Basunosa O®OPMAENHE OBNOKKH PYCCKOFOHIZARIE MT 2Kyxos: AAPEC PEAAKUIIN 129820, Mockea, Ci 1a Peawcrnn nap, 2 TENE@ON PEAAKUAIH 286.2588 © nepewoa wa pycexsi nauk mogopmurenie, «Map», 1987 Ha o6noxKe APEBHUME APKU UV CBOGbI Ha oSnorexe ns06parkensi pasvamnes Tax-Kueper, orpomuoro xa1a Bo ABOPUE & Krecuiowe 1oxnee Barsaaa, noctpoentiom 8 3—6 Bp. 1. 9. 3a nepexpsiT ca MBIM KPYRHBIM B MUP OAONPORETHEIM. (25,5 w1) cBOAOM 113 HeapMHPOBAHHOTO: kupnisia. Dro onnn 13 mHTepecHeHunx NPHMEPOB CBORa, COOPYxEHHOTO MeTOOM HaknonHOlt Krams (CM. craTbIo Tyca B. BanGuka «APKH 1 cBOubI B ApeBHell apxH- ‘Textype Brunknero Bocroxa», c.68). Boranune or GosibumncTea cnoz.0n wa Bax next BocToKe, COOpy:KeHHBIX H3 Chita, ITOT cBOA GbIEI HOCTPOEH ¥3 cx1eTKa OGOX- 2xenHoro KNpHHYA, Ynnoctpayun ‘OBNOXKKA: Marvin Mattelson CTP. ABTOP/MCTONHMK CTP. ABTOP/MCTOUHMK CTP. ABTOP/MCTONHMIK 7 Dale E.Desmner, 38 Michael Goodman 64 Patrica J- Wynne Allegheny Ludlum (cneea), Katt Stee! Corp. eee I.Niklas (enpaca) 812 George V.Kelvin, Karl J. Niklas Science Graphics 0: Mtoe Gostard 6 atese oa 69 Gus W. Van Beck 49 AB Sandvik Stecl a Et, AT Lubert Stryer 45. Samuel L. Howard 18 Tom Prentiss 46, 47 Tom Prentiss Se eer 1924 George V. Kel @ smey F Hae) ‘usy), David Science Graphics Willy Buredorfer B.Stronach 2 a hopin 1 M.D.Corwin, (a0epxy enpae) 100 Rocky Mount 74 Gus W. Van Beck Laboratory Laboratories aie 29 George Retseck (eaepxs); New aul Log 30 Jet Propulsion York State 79 Andrew Tomko Laboratory Department of (oaepxy), U.S. (sepxy); Mark Health (enusy) Department of Showalter i Energy (eneay) Maren Cooke, 49 Sally Black eae ‘Ames Research ; 4 Allen Beechel Center (@ at eli 85 Urenko, the cepedune): George Estorsorh Netherlands Reteeae Council 8991 Michael Goodman George Retseck 5487 George Retseck ee eae 38 US. Cormsof 61 Karl .Nias PiCrutefild Army Engineers 62 Patricia J.Wynne 9. Edward Bell SS Bie tate OS Raat ible Mtoe) 37 United Press (Gaepx)), Patricia a International T.Wynne (ensry) 99 Gordon HughesO6 abmopax Julian Szekely (IDKYJIMAH CEKEJIM. «Tlepeonan TexnosIorua H KDHE CTa- aenntelinolt npossbuutennocrit CLAD) — mpodeccop Matepnanonenenna ® MaccayyceTcKom TexNomtornsecKOM m- crutyre (MTM). Hivrepec x wossist cno- co6am p craneruanitenii srlepBbie npo- spun 5 1977 r., Kora OM ToTOBHA Aa Npapuremcrea OKA Ma 3Ty TeMy. Heckomxo set paGoTan 8 KoNcyABTa- unomon dupme p Jlonaone u npenona- pat p Hmnepekom xonzesxe 8 Jonn0- He, rae pane nonyun sHHutoMeI GaKa- siappa (1959 r.) u oKropa dunocoset (1961 r.). B 1966 r. nepewiest na paGory 8 Vuupepcurer uit. Ht0-Mopx » Byd- ano, a8 1976 r. — 8 MTH. B 1982 r. Ceres ctan steno Hannonasioh ‘akalneMiit TeXHuKH, Lubert Stryer JIOBEPT CTPAMEP «Moueryti sprreaboro BosGyxue~ HHA») — mpodeccop K:eTOHHOH G10M0- ram 8 Mesmitcxoft uixone Craopa- ‘cxoro yuupepenrera, Crenenb Gaxaas- pa nonysun B 1957 r. » Unnkarckom ya epciTeTe, cTerteM 70KTOpA MesIHI- Hot — 8 1961 r. 8 Mexutuuncxoft uixoe Tapsapacxoro —_ynusepeurera. — B 1961—1964 rr. pen nayuusie necnenopa- nua wa cpemerpa ona Qaen Xoit Yarr~ Hi, BYACTHOCTH B KaYecTBe NpHFvIaMeH- Horo HayyHOrO coTpyaHuKa B Ken- Gpumxcxofi naGopaTopmmt Monexynap- oft Gnozorsm CopeTa memtmusnicKHX He cnenonannit (Bemxoputauna). B 1963—1969 rr., Gyaysit mpodeccopom MonexyaspHofl GuogprsiKt 1 GuoxiMt 1 Vlensckom yuusepcrere, npenonasast Guoxnmmo B Cranbopackom yHmBep- ‘cutTete, COTPYAHHKOM KoTOporo cra B 1976 r. Crpafiep — nen Haunonam- ofl axanemuit wayx CUA. Jeffrey N. Cuzzi, Larry W. Esposito (UKE®OPH H.'KY3H, JIAPPH Y. SCTIOBHTO «Konsua Ypana») npoms- “AmOT HMtTEpeC K HeCTENOBAHHAM CTPYR- Type! Ht ANAM MHnaweTHAX KOReH. Kya — ren rpynnst nonysensia 190- Gpaxenui mpoekra «Bosxkep» px hiscexom HeeMenOBATEMECKOM HeHTPE HACA. Crenen Gaxanaspa nonyuin Kopnenicrom yunbepeurere 8 1967 r., ccrenen saaruetpa (1969 r.) mt cTenen noxropa (1973 r.) — » Kammbopunt- KOM TexHomoriecKoM micTuTyTe. B ‘Teveune roma npenonapan » Maccawy- corexom ynupepentere 8 Anixepere, sare ¢ 1974.n0 1976 r. Gaia corpyant- xom Haunonamnoro ncetenonaren- exoro conera npit HaunowamsHoft axa- evan wayk CUIA. B1978r., nome yx ner paGorsi w JlaGopatopmn KocMtse- ‘cxux niceneaonamit » KanuboputicKont yuusepcutere 8 Bepxnit, repetien Siimc. SenosuTo nonyynn cTenens Ga- ataspa MaccayyceTcKom TexHonorit- ecKOn mucTHTYTe B 1973 r. H paGoTaa ¢ Kym 80 Bpemm nonrotosKi a0KTop- cKoft anccepraumm B MaccayycetcKo yunpepcutete 8 Amxepere. Crenens goxtopa nosyann 8 1977 r. C rex nop ABNAETCH COTPYAHHKOM (akyibTeTa ac- ‘TpodusnveckHx, maneTapunix uw at- Mochepibix vecnenosanni ~Konopaa- cKoro yuusepeurera 8 Boyepe, ax- ‘THmHo yuacTayeT BocyuecTRMEHH npO- extra «Bosuvxep»; oN posrmasiser pa- Gouyio rpynmy aroro mpoekTa no waywe- ditio TutaneTHBIx Kone. Robert Dolan, Harry Lins (POBEPT JOSIAH, TAPPH JIMH3 «Msoxn 0 Gaprepnbie OcrpoRa») Ravan coTpyn- HHvaTb OKO 15 neT Hazan, Noce TOrO sak hx nyrit nepecermics 8 Feonoriec- KoA cayx6e CLA. Jlonan, npodeccop ayK 06 oxpyxatoutel cpesie m Buprii- ‘ckom yrurpepenTere, say¥a7 BapsepHBte oerpora n revente 35 ner, eran mpi 3TOM HacTs BpewenH paGore TeostorH- ueckoli cnyaGe. Umeer crenenb Gaxa- snagpa or HO:xt0-Operonexoro Konten- “xa crenenb warvictpa or Vrutsepcire- ‘Tart, Operox. B Buprunckow yatinep- cutee paGoraer c 1965 r. nocne nony- siennin crenenn noKTOpa guin0cobuN Ynuaepenrrere urr. Jiynanana, Jaa 32- repmiaet paGory Hal noxTopcKOtt sHC~ cepraumie » Buprincxom yunnepente- ‘re. On corpyanmuaet c Feonorneckort cayxGoit c 1969 r. 4 ceftvac pa6oTaeT rnuaponoroM B oTaeze BOMIHEIX PecyPCOR 8 Pecrone, wit. Buprunus. Mmeer cre- mene Gakanaspa oT M3punenacKoro yumepowTera M cTenen MareTpa OT ‘TLenasspexoro yunnepeurera. Gail S. Habicht, Gregory Beck, Jorge L. Benach (P9YUT C. XABHUT, TPETO- PH BEK, JDKOPIDK JI. BEHAY «Bo- nésnt Jlativa») paGoraror wa Kabeape naronorim Yausepenrera rr. Hsto- Hiopx w Crouu-Bpyxe. Xa6uyr nonyat- sna crenenb zoKTopa dunocogum Crandopnexost ymiencurere. Tlocne 3Toro sera ncenenonanua 8 Poxdeaze- Povexom yutmepewreTe, a 3aTeM B y¥- Deana CxpnnncoscKoro dona sctnnvecri i Hayinbix HecaenoBant. B 1971 r, nepeusia » Crom-Bpyx, rae ceftyac ona ZoueHT. Bex mony cre- next Gaxamappa p 1982. » Yisunepcirre- Te utr. Hsio-Hlopx w On6ann u cran na- Yyaubin coTpyatumoxt Meanutcxoro uuewrpa Ynpannenns mo menant ywacTa- Xop sofitu: 5 Hoptnopre (uit. Hbi0- Viopr). Cefiwac on urraramch waysnit corpyzttix 6 Cronu-Bpyxe. Bena n0- ayaa Yunwepenrere Patrepca » 1966 r. crenen Gaxaranpa u 8 1971 r. 3 Tenens noxTopa dunocorpim, nocite He To noctynna wa cayxGy 8 nenapraexT sapawooxpaneniis ur, Hei0-Mopx, rae B Hacrosiuiee BpeMA OH Hay¥BAl co- Tpyanux. Kpome Toro, Benay, Gyaysit aouentom Kadeapbi natonornn Yan Bepeuteta uit. Hito-Mopx » Crom Bpyxe, saumaeten npenonanatems- KOM slesTesTBHOCTBIO. Johann Rafelski, Steven E. Jones (An PA®@EJIBCKMM, CTVBEH E. JDKO- YHC «Xonoanbiii saepapiii cunres») netperiice » Evponeficros wevrpe fxepnsix uccrenonanint (LIEPHe) » 1983 +r. Pabensexwtt, Koropsitt noxy- wn creneb aoKTopa GwttocomHH BO panxdyprcKom yinepcitTere H3aTeMt Ben NecneaoRaTembcKyto paGoty B TMer- CumbpancKoM yaunepenTere Apron cxoh auontanbiiof sza6oparoptt, wa- yan paGotats 8 LIEPHe 8 1977 r. On- noapenentto ¢ 1979 no 1983 r. ow npe- nnowiasan TeopeTiweckyio QuaUKy BO panindypre, a zarem — no neta >r0ro roma — 8 Keiintayne. Paemcxnit muo- To pa6otan copMecTHo c yueHBIMi CIA. J>koyxe npenogaer dysnxy H ac- TpowoMinig B Yuwnepcutere Bpafaa ‘Sura, re w 1973 r. nonysna crenens 62- anaspa, Creneutt noxropa dusnocopit 8 OGnacTH OHsHKH OH Grin ynocToeH B 1978 r. 8 Yuupepcutere Banaep6nnta. Tlocae roaa waysniot! pa6orut a Kop- esMICKOM yHMBepeHTeTE HH MCI0HHOH baGpuxe Jloc-Anamocckoi HaumMoHam- Hott naGopatopun (LAMPF), 3annman- x McenenopaxMiRM No sepHOMY cl ‘eay » Hauonansiton wioxenepHof 13- Goparopum wr. Afizaxo. CoTpyanuKom Yuwgeperera Bpafiana Sura cran 1985 r. B onommenne x npenonasa- TenbcKol aeaTeabHocTH J>KoyHc BeeT naywmtbie lccnenonanita b OBNACTH Mio- onnoro KaTamH3a B pane ApyrHx naG0- aropitf, 8 roM sucne B Toc-Anamoce, Banxynepe, Pesepopaoncxolt smaGopa- Topun B Aurmn 1 AnoncKoft Hauno- xamuoft xaGoparopun éisuKn aBico- (HX 3Hepruit Br. Lyxy6a. Karl J. Niklas (KAPJI JDK. HMKJIAC “A2POMMHAMHK OMBUICHHR BeTPOM>) waywaeT Gomexannueckne cpoficTRa PacTennt, 3anmMan AomHOCT» OUeH- 7a GoTanuxu 8 Kopxenickom yrunep- curere. Himeet crenenb Gaxasiaepa 8 06- sactn GHonorHH HM MaTeMaTHKH OT Curn-Konnemka Hio-Hopxcxoro ro- poacKoro ynBepcureTa. Crees Ma~ TeTpa H AOKTopa dustoco*puKt Noy 8 1974. » Hnminoficxom ynumepeurere 1B SpGana-Wanmetin. Mpoxoams craxi= poaky 8 JlonnoNcKom yxusepeurere. B 1975 r. cran xpamurenem 8 He10- Flopxcxom Goranmeckom cay. B 1978 r. nepeuwen wa paGory 8 Koprens- cckul yruupepcurer, rie 3aHuMaeTCr O11 HoBpeMennio GHosIOrHeH pacrennil, 2KO-4 nornell w cucresaruxoit. B 1985 r. Hut xnac noaysia cyScuauo dona Tyren- xefina 3219 necnenoBanuf 10 MostemHpo- amo ombinewis, Gus W. Van Beek (TYC B. BAHBHK, «Axi H cBozbI B ApeBHet ApxNTEKTYPE Bainkuero Boctoxan) ¢ 1967 r. xypaTop xadenpit apreonorun Craporo Creta Cuurrcononckoro micturyra. PykoBo- saws 11 cesonantu packortox B Tens-Hient- Mexe (Mapanm). Veet crenent Gaxa- appa cKyccrs (nocne oKoHNaKHa Yit- Bepcurera Tysica) 1 Gaxanaspa Goro- cnonns (nocne oxonwanis JlyxonHoti ce- Mumapnit Maxxopaanxa). B 1953 r. Yau sepurer Jbkouca Tonkunca npucyaw BanGuxy crenens noxropa (bunocodun. B revenue 6 ner paGoran 8 3ToM yau- BepeitTeTe no npoexTy apaGexux nyGu xawiii, sare nepewen 8 Cumrcouos- Knit wmcrtyt. B HacTosuice Bpems Tver KHHIry © crpowTembcTBe coopy- >xennil 19 coipua. Frank von Hippel, David H. Albright, Barbara G. Levi (PPAHK 0H XMI- TIEb, JBM X, OJIBPAPIT, BAP- BAPAT. JIEBH «O npexpauten npo- sponcTpa enaiixea MaTepuarion 118 suiepuoro opysxunn) — dusuxit, paGo- Taior » LlenTpe atepreTiit it OKPYXA- rouelt cpenst (LI9OC) px Tpuncrox- cKom ynmpepeuTete. on Xue o1- HOBPEMEHHO sBIeTCA Npodeccopom TIpmntctowexof mikomst no coumazTsHbIM 1 Mexaynapommsim BONpOCAN HM. B, Bumscona, Crenen Gaxanappa 8 06- actu dusixn nonywin » Maccauycer- KOM TEXHOJIOTHNECKOM HHCTHTYTe, @ oKTopa dustocodim B oGnactH Teope- ‘Tuveckott duouKn — 8 OxctbopncKom ynupepcurere. HeniocpencrseHno nepea puxonom 8 TIpuucron ox Guin nocTo- amin corpyanuxont Haunonamnoi akazlemun MayK; PaHce paGoram 8 pas- [TMWHBIX” YHMBEDCHTETCKEX M_MpaBH- TemecTeeMBIx HaysneIx na6opaTopH- ax, dow Xunnens Obi mpeacenare- stent @enepauin aMepuKaHCKiX YueHBIX (@AY), ap nacrosuice spews — anen copera ‘aupextopos xypuaia «Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists». On6pattr — nayanbifi corpyaumx 8 LIQOC m onnos- PeMeHHO B RALIMETTONCKOM OTZtenent AY. Crenenn Gaxaappa u Marucrpa 2 oGmacru maremaruxu nonysun B Yen nepeuttere Patit-Creftr; om Tawxe Hne- er crenens Marncrpa » o6nactH duaH- 2, npuicwoennyto emy YauepeureTom rr. Muawawa, B 1981—1982 rr. On- Gpattr paGoran Koucymsrantom B Vin eriyre npo6nem oxpyx AUSHTeNBHOE BpeMs, NpoMeAMeE MEK ‘Ay mormsiennens 1987 MoMeHTOM H3- MepeHHa 9TOrO paccTomMus), Ba OGE exTa gost Obum Get pasneraricn Ayr OT mpyra co cKopocTbIO, PaBHO IpHMepHo NostoBIAHe CKOpOCTH cReTa, CorsacHo cooSmento yuersix Pap- Bapa-CMmNTCOHOBCKOrO UeHTpa, KOM- TaHBOH npuMepHO Ha 3 sBeaaHOM Bes mut cabee cBepxtonoit 1987A, sBesiI- Ham BemMUMa KOTOPOM B MOMeHT HaG- mionenus nina oKono 4. Cam KoM- Hanwon suawiTembno cnaGee 1987A, ‘TeM He Metice OH HaMHOTO spye mOGOTO oGtexra, HaxonuBulerocs w 3Tofl oGa- (CTH MeGa mo BembiUIKI CBepXXOBO. B niowckax noaraep»kiteHHa CBONX pe- symstaros, Tapraps-Cantcononcxas rpymna carsarice c xoneramu 13 Mm epeKoro KOsICAWa HaYKH M TEXHUKH B Tlonaove, koropsie npoaameauposaan Cchexsi-mrrepdepomerpryeckne 2aHUBe, Nlomywenubte Ha aurno-ancrpamuticKom ‘reneckone w Cafiamur-Cnpuure (Ascr- panna), Bpuranickas rpynina, xo7s 1 He NomHOcTbIO 3aKOHUWA cBOM ANA, ‘BcKope cooGuuta 06 oSHapy:kenIH cre 0B OGxekTa-KoMmanbona # HaGsiOne~ nuax oT 14 anpena, Kax u amepuxanui, Spwranckne yuenste passim cnaGett OGbeKT TONBKO B KPACHOM KOHHE HILT Moro cnexrpa. B sanwicax, nonyyexnbix a Gone KOpOTKNX AINAX BOMM, HH O- Ma Wa rpynin Taxoro o6texTa ne OGHapy- «na, AcTpoHomit cuHraioT, ¥To caaGuiit OGeKT Moxer GbiTb OByCHOBNEH OKO 3 HECKOMTBKHX mpi: «cBeTORKIM 3xoM», OTPAKAIOULIMCH OT OGAIAKA, BLI- Gpouiennoro sxesa0M nepen BapEinom Taga, KOTOPBI BPKO 3AacneTHNICR Tlocne uuTericHBHoro o6ay4eHna mpH Bombe CcBepXHOBOM; acuMMeTpuie BSpEIBa, KO- ‘Topas pasoppana weany ta Ba OTe BIX KYCKa; OCTATKOM BCIIUIKH CBEPX- HoBofi — nyaBeapom, sicnyckaloumM, TYYOK myuell cxBoI: «OKHOD B PactLps- Fomefica Goro¥Ke; HeKMM MacciBHBIM OGBEKTOM, FpaBHITAUIHOHNHOE NONE KOTO- oro nelicrayeT Kak mwa, parnnaunas s06paxenne csepxnonolt 1987A. Tomxo aanbuefluine nectenowaHns NOMOryT onpenemHTs, BepHa JH xOTH 6st ona u3 9THX TeOpHHt.50 n 100 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN MIOJIb 1937 r. Bo apemena Tener 1 JOU. ceMefiusifi spay cTasiin sna- THOR, IONATARCH B OCHOBHOM Ha CBOH ate wyscTB, Ges NOMOUN KaKHX-Ti60 MHCTpyMeHTOB. C BAXHBIM BILIOM OH ‘ocMaTpHBaN Rally KOXKY B NOHCKAX Cbi- mM, mynan nysbe H JarAABIBAA B FOTO i yum. Ceronua anarnios onpenenaeTen ye He 2OranKaMU, CHeMAMMBIMM Ha Oc- ‘Mone snleununx cuMmToMon Gonesn. Ec- aM abt 3aGones, Bau BPAY CHawara Oc- MOTPHT nac, a 3aTeM MposeseT cepmto sa®opaTopHeIx aNam30B, KOTOPHIC 1a- YT Tounylo HAbopmauso © npHpOnE H cepbeaiocTH paluero 3aGonesanus. ITH AHAIHSBI UPeSBEIAMO NOBLILIAIOT TOM OCT qMaTHO3a, YMeHbUIaOT CTOU- MOCTE 1 NPONOAHITeMHOCTS seeHHIA 1 RO BoeX ciLy¥AAX YBeMHUUBAIOT BEPORT- oct wamewenia. B unrepeciom uccnenosanam, npove- ‘nenHOM nenanno m MncTHTyTe way¥eHHA ‘rpaucnopta Cenepo-Boctosnoro yxii- BepctiTeTa, 1lOKasaHa eTKAR CBA3b MOK ‘AY YKECTOWEHHIEM 3@KOHA H HHCHIOM aB- TomoGwnbuBIx anapnit. Floa yxecToue- NHleM 3aKOWA HMeIOTCA B BHA He MPOCTO apectst HapyumTenefl past 20po%K- HOFO ARIDKEHH, # HX cysIeGHOE NpecsIe- aowanne. Ec xaxxanif sonitem Gy- Det 3HaTk, WTO 3a HapyweNHe NpABHUT nocneayer GeicTpoe u Obs3aTeMbHOe Ha- xagauine, on Gyaet ocropoxuee. Kora mexa6pe 1903 r. Opsuna 1 Yun6ep Paltt noausauce © posayx Ha cuoeM xpynkom Gumuiae, OTKPBIB 3py aBuauMH, HX annapaT MpuBOMHICA B ADUKHNe CaMOJIENIbMEIM mBMTATeNTeM Moumoctsio 30 7.c. 3a npomenuime ¢ ‘Toro ppement 34 roa cosnaremm Apu Tens YBemMUHLTM Ero MOMINOCTS BO pas, MMOTOKpaTHO YAYuUINM HALexHOCTE, asHocT paOoTbt M Boe ApyTHE KapaK- ‘Tepuicrixu, Tloxromy B coppemenHom ‘aMaNWOHNOM sBuraTee TpyAHO y3~ Nate «poncTBeHtuxa TOM nepBofl Ma- unm, ¢ KoTOpoft 8 KurtH-Xox nava- {ACh HCTOPH ABHAMOTOPOCTPOEHER. Moxno nH nenars cexnaunbie TeK- ctunpunie RonoKna? OxarninaeTes, 22. Ton msicoxnM namnenniem napa cTeK0 Inpespaliiae TCs #8 TOHKHE BOMIOKHA, KOTO- pile 3aTeM BEITATMBAIOT B MpAAM, cMa- ‘TRIBAIOT B HTH, H H3 HX ¢ TIOMOUILIO ConpeMeHHDIX TKALIKHX MaLLINA HIST OTAB- MBaloT NpwKY HTKYT Tan. BHacTOs- lulee BpeMs 3TH TKAHM HenOM3yIOT B OC- MOBHOM Kak HBONALHOMNBIE MaTEPHAZTEL 4 duumsrpst. Moaxo npeanonoxurs, WWW. SCIAM-MAGAZIN Mi HASA0 TO Meslasiex TOT sleHb, Kora TKAHH 43 cTexna Gyayr yeneumo npuMexaTsca 2014 HST OTORIICHHA pAMHpOBOK, ZaNtABE- Celt u roGesteHion 8 TeaTpax, OTEAAX HHA KopaGnsx 018 YMeBUIeHH® OrlacHOCTH BORHKHOREHHS o>KApoB. VIOMIB 1887 r. Cyas no nocnenuns co- oGuienam 19 Tlawanset, paGorst Ha ‘pace Gynyuiero Kanasia BcKope npe- xpatarca. Eon ToaKO BOSHMAUIHE B npouecce eTponTenseTRA TpyAHOCTH He (Sei cruteHO npeypennvens, Hosta 38- em, Janpouseroneth y wpenennirx 8 3a6- ayxnente pxnanunKos (10 Gomsuleft 4a- erm Geausix mozet), 6yaer xecToKOH HecnpaweaiHBOcTbIO, MpKaBaHHOM OT- eposnre Hlewmuyenbill Kpax Ht Bo36y- rms necGsrronnete Haaexaus. Tenepe, Xora ye CIMKOM 1O3RHO, (paHys- cxue BXTAIWHKH NOHMyT, 4TO HeGmaro- nnpusTibte cooGuientns v9 Coenmnenttstx Ulraton, conponoxaasuine pa6oTEt ¢ caMoro navaa, He Gui nponuxTosa- ut MnaKsIMM MoTHBAMHL. Cormacto cO- o6iientinst, PyKOBONETEO TO OcyliecT- ‘neHnio mpoeKTa CTpowTenbcTBa KaNa- a BoseMyT wa ceGn npaBiTemteroa @pasnuiin CHITA, onnaxo manoBeponT- Ho, TOOL onM HOMLAH Ha 370. B xypxane «American Journal of Scien- ce» rorosirres x nyGmuxauinn wnTepec~ aa pa6ota M. JIut, astop KoTopolt co- oGuiaeT 0 pesynbTarax caomx Tpyn0eM- HX H OGUINDHBIX HecmenOBAHHH, CHA JaHHBIX C HMIOMB3OBAHHeM conefl ce- Pe6pa ana nomyyexus dboTorpaduye- cxix s0GpaxKenufl. Bnevaraaer Ta ner- KOCTS, € KOTOPOH aBTOpy yslaeTCa Omy- arb caMble Kpacuisbie uneTa, Hx GoraT- TBO pasnooGpasue. Ou npuxomMT & ‘oGriasteoKuBAIOUIEMy BEIBOAY 0 BOIMOR- HOCTH UBeTHOM hoTorpadu. Bexope nocae coxpyuinrenbioro no- paxkenns sxThi «I-aiaTes B copesona- Mix y Gepeos AMepuKi mpouiioft ‘OceHLI0 KOMIK ca1yXH 0 TOM, NTO aMe~ pukanuamn GyneT npeanpuasxra no- cneaHsa OTuaRHHAS noMbITKa OTOGpATb Koponencxntt xy6ox (KyGox AMepiki), ana ero TINaHHpyeTeR cTPOHTeNBcTO HOBOMI sxTBI. B KOHUe KOHIOB 9TOT cmyX nomtsepawsics, Ho BCe GbIN0 OKyTAHO ‘Tafinofl no cnycka Wa Bony NOBOMI AXTB «Tuer». Jlerkocrs, ¢ xoTOpof ona n0- Geauna sce neppoxaaccnbie aurmuticxue AXTEI, TOBOPHT © TOM, NTO Ola CTaHET CaMBIM CepBesHBIM COmepHHKOM. Hoxrop 9. Sas no saxasy rasers! «New York World» npose nceneno8a- Hue KavecrBa waa, Kore m caxapa. O6- 8 cnenonanue nano cenyrouine pesynETa- ‘Tou: 8 oGpasuos aa He comep»KaH 1HO- Ganox, a8 12 Goin 10GasKn — B ocHos HOM «OrkHBIH val» H MOcTOpOHHHe aucTes; B 72 O6pasuax MonoTOrO KoKe He GuuNO AoGaBOK, 28 oGpastioB conep- 2a JOGABKH B BILE UHKOPIA H MosTO- ‘Toro ropoxa; TomxKo 2 o6paama caxapa 3 100 conepxasn 10GaBKH 8 pute rm10- Kosut. YTO KacaeTeR Beca OOpasui08, ¥ 270 om coorseTcTsoBan uopme, a 30 Oxasanich nerve NoAOKeHHOrO BECa. Haw xoppecnoneirt onncetsaer cne- AYIOUIy! «BENNO ABIDKYMLYIOCH MALIN ny». Ona mpencrannaet coGolt saMKity- ‘Tylo pesinonyio TpyOxy ¢ BbicTynam, K KOTOPLiM MPHKPeMMIeHE! TOMKHE pesHi- Mosble MeUIKH, a K KaxknOMy MeUIKy xpenex meGombutott rpys. Kora rpy3 OmyckaeTea, McwlOx MamtOmHAeTes BO3- AYXOM, @ Koraa MoaHUMaeTcA — BOSAYX 3 MeuIka BbITamxuBaeTeR Wepes OTBEP- cTHe B suicTyne H TpyOKy B coceaMET UIOK, KOTOpbift 3aTeM OKasninaeTes Ha Tom xe MecTe. TpyOka HaneTa Ha s1Ba NOrpyACHHBIX B BOAY KOsIeca; Manon HeHHble BO3AYXOM MeLUKH NOAMUMALOT- A BBEPX, a Te, H9 KOTOPBIX BOIAYX RBI TOsIKHYT, OnYCKaIOTeR BHI. (Or penaxropa. Kaxaniii mewox, Oxa3bIBAIOLUNTICA B M¥AHEH TONKe TPy6- xi, OysleT HANOMKTECH BOBAYXOM, BI- ‘TONKHYTBIM #3 MellKa, HaxOnAULeTOCR B epxuiefi Touxe. [pysii B CKUMAIOUIeMER M pacummpstouieca meurkax GyayT ener- xa onycxarses. Hivxiuth ewiox, pac umpascb, npeosonesaeT Gonbusce a8 ewe wont. [ostomy Kakabili rpys 6y- ET «TEpRTS ABMKCHNED MH TOCTORHHO TepaTs 2teprito mipH MepaGowem ony- cxanuu rpyson. CrrenonaTenno, TaKaa MaMa He MOXeT CHYAITS BeMHBIM apnratenem.) «Bewno deuxcyiyasce mauunayAZIN Ilepeno0Bax TexHOIOrMA UW Kpu3uc CTaslesIMTeHHOK MpOMbILUIeHHOCTH CILIA Nporpeccusuble TexHonormyeckve mMeTosbl, CHUKAIOWNe CTOUMOCTb NpOUsBOACTBAa 4YFyHa UY CTaNH, MOFYT NOMO4b MeNKAM aMepukaHCKUM 3aBOfaM MPOTUBOCTOATb 2KECTKOM KOHKYPeHUAV CO CTOPOHb! MHOCTpaHHbIxX NpousBog4uTenen. Oguako Ana AnuTenbHoro npoTuBocTOAHUA HYKHbI NPMHYUNMAaNbHO HoBbIe TeXHONOrMyecKue Mpoyecce! UPOKO o6cyxutaemBte mpob- aembt cTanemuTenHoh npo- wpiuutenioctn CUA — no- TOAHHBIe NpOHIBONCTHEHHEIe NOTepH, GanxpoTeTso, BbMyaaeHHEIE CIUAHUR (UPN Ml maccoBbIe yBOMBHEHTR — loa TpepxstaloTes MpauHO!t CTATHCTHKOM: ¢ 1982 r. npoussoacrscnmbie norepH 8 3Toft oTpacr AOcTUFAN NpHMEpHO 6 Munpa. om.2., a 4HCTO 3aHATIX COKPa- ‘tunoch ¢ $00 Thic. B 1975 r. 20 menee 200 Tu1c. w acromuiee Bpems. 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