МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ

ДОНЕЦКОЙ НАРОДНОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ

ГОУ ВПО «Донецкий национальный университет»
Факультет иностранных языков
Кафедра английского языка для экономических специальностей

И.С. Красько
П.А. Трофимова

Boost your Grammar Skills!

УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
для студентов 2 курса
направления подготовки 40.03.01 Юриспруденция

Донецк 2020
УДК 81’367.63:811.111(075)
ББК Ш12=432.1*9*2р30
К784

Рекомендовано к изданию Ученым советом факультета иностранных языков

ГОУ ВПО «Донецкий национальный университет» (протокол № 9 от 18.11.2020)

Красько И.С. Boost your grammar skills : учебно-методическое пособие для студентов
2 курса направления подготовки 40.03.01 Юриспруденция / И.С. Красько, П.А. Трофимова. –
Донецк: ДонНУ, 2020. – 197 с.

Рецензенты:
Брагина Э.Р., кандидат филологических наук, доцент, ГОУ ВПО «Донецкий
национальный университет»;
Жданова Н.А., кандидат филологических наук, доцент, ГОУ ВПО «Донецкий
национальный университет».

Настоящее учебно-методическое пособие по грамматике английского языка

предназначено для студентов 2 курса направления подготовки 40.03.01 Юриспруденция
очной и заочной форм обучения. Пособие позволяет использовать его как для проведения
практических занятий, так и для организации самостоятельной работы студентов.
Пособие содержит материалы по видовременным формам глагола (Verb tenses),
страдательному залогу (Passive Voice), прилагательным (Comparative and Superlative
Adjectives), косвенной речи (Reported Speech) и условным предложениям (Conditionals). Для
проверки усвоения материала и закрепления полученных знаний по каждой теме после
детального объяснения материала даются разнообразные упражнения. В конце каждой темы
представлены проверочные тесты. Пособие включает в себя ряд приложений, содержащих
правила словообразования (Word Formation) и пунктуации (Punctuation), таблицу
неправильных глаголов (Irregular Verbs), а также некоторые особенности грамматики
американского варианта английского языка (American English).

УДК 81’367.63:811.111(075)
ББК Ш12=432.1*9*2р30

© Красько И.С., 2020

2
 CONTENTS

Introduction .…………………………………………………………….. 5

1 Verb tenses: formation ………………………………………………….. 6

Present forms

2 present simple …………………………………………………………... 8

3 present continuous ……………………………………………………… 11
4 stative verbs and dynamic verbs ………………………………………... 14
5 present perfect …………………………………………………………... 21
6 present perfect continuous ……………………………………………… 24

Past forms

7 past simple ……………………………………………………………… 35

8 past continuous …………………………………………………………. 37
9 past perfect ……………………………………………………………… 41
10 past perfect continuous …………………………………………………. 45
11 tense contrasts …………………………………………………………... 47

12 Future forms (future simple, be going to, future continuous, future

perfect, present continuous and present simple as future) ……………... 61
PROGRESS TEST 1 ……………………………………………………. 73

13 The passive …………….……………………………………………….. 76

PROGRESS TEST 2 …..……………………………………………….. 108

14 Comparative and superlative adjectives .……………………………….. 111

PROGRESS TEST 3 …..……………………………………………….. 121

15 Reported speech …………………………………….………………….. 124

PROGRESS TEST 4 …………………………..……………………….. 156

16 Conditionals and wish ………………………………………………….. 159

PROGRESS TEST 5 …..……………………………………………….. 179

Conclusion …………………………………………..………………….. 182

References …………………..………………………………………….. 183

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 Appendices

1 Irregular verbs ……….………………………………………………….. 185

2 Punctuation …………….……………………………………………….. 188
3 American English ………..…………………………………………….. 191
4 Word formation ………….…………………………………………….. 195

4
 Introduction

There is no point in learning grammar for the sake of learning grammar. Grammar is the support
system of communication and we learn it to communicate better. Grammar explains why and how of
language. We learn it because we just can’t do without it.

Boost your Grammar Skills is a practice book. It is intended to revise and consolidate grammar
points. It assumes that some basic points have been covered. These can be practiced in Just
Grammar. The book can be used for self-study, for homework, and in class.

The book is divided into units, each of which covers an important grammar topic. Each unit starts
with an explanation of the grammar and this is followed by a set of different practice exercises.
Students can write their answers in the book, or on a separate piece of paper. Within each unit,
exercises range in difficulty. This allows students to build up their confidence with the simpler,
more familiar tasks before moving onto the more challenging ones later in the unit.

Tests at the end of each unit or section of units give the opportunity for more practice and enable
students to assess how much they have learned.

The book covers the main areas of English grammar. Special attention is given to those points
which are often a problem for students, such as the use of the passive, reported speech, conditionals,
tense forms, or the use of comparative and superlative adjectives. Some units contrast two or more
different structures, such as the Present Perfect and Past Simple.

There are also appendices at the back of the book on irregular verbs, word formation, punctuation,
and American English.

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1 Verb tenses

Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous

V, V(es) am/is/are + P1 have/has + PP have/has been + P1

Present

e.g. She e.g. She is e.g. He has repaired e.g. He has been waiting
studies at this studying English her car. for her for 10 minutes.
university. now.

Ved, V2 was/were + P1 had + PP had been + P1

Past

e.g. She e.g. She was e.g. He had repaired e.g. He had been waiting
studied at this studying English her car by the time she for her for 10 minutes
university. when I came. came. yesterday.
will + V will be + P1 will have + PP will have been + P1

e.g. She will e.g. She will be e.g. He will have e.g. He will have been
Future

study at this studying English repaired her car by waiting for her for 10
university. at this time Monday. minutes by the time she
tomorrow. gets home.

Note:

V = verb
V2 = the second column of the Irregular Verbs Table
P1 = Participle One (verb + ing)
PP = Participle Two or Past Participle (regular verbs + -ed; irregular verbs – see the third column
of the Table)
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 Present Forms

Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect

Continuous
permanent situations temporary situations recently completed actions started in the
or states actions past and continuing
up to the present
e.g. He works as a e.g. He is staying at the e.g. He has just painted e.g. I’ve been
sole practitioner. Lotus Hotel at present. the room. (The paint is studying for my exam
wet.) all morning. (I’m still
studying)

repeated / habitual actions happening at actions which happen past actions of

actions (especially or around the moment at an unstated past certain duration
with frequency of speaking time and are having visible results
adverbs: often, connected with the in the present
usually etc.) present
e.g. He is looking for a e.g. He has sold his car. e.g. They have been
e.g. He often buys her new job at the moment. (Now he goes by tram.) walking in the rain.
flowers. (They are wet.)

permanent truths or repeated actions with personal experiences / actions expressing

laws of nature “always” expressing changes which have anger, irritation,
annoyance or criticism happened annoyance,
e.g. The sun sets in explanation or
the west. e.g. She is always e.g. She has become criticism
telling lies! very beautiful. e.g. Who has been
using my PC?
(annoyance)

timetables / fixed arrangements in emphasis on number emphasis on

programmes (future the near future duration (usually
meaning) with for, since or
e.g. Our boss is flying e.g. Jane has already how long)
e.g. The office opens to Paris tomorrow. posted two letters. e.g. I’ve been typing
at 10.00. letters since 9 o’clock.

reviews / sports changing or NOTE:

commentaries / developing situations Verbs live, feel, teach and work can be used
dramatic narrative either in the Present Perfect or the Present
Perfect Continuous with no difference in
e.g. Hugo Grant acts e.g. It is getting dark. meaning.
brilliantly in this film.
e.g. I have been living / I’ve lived in Oxford for
2 years.

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 Time expressions used with:
Present Simple every day/week/month/year, usually, often, always,
really, seldom, never, sometimes, in the
morning/evening/afternoon, at night, on Mondays etc.
Present Continuous now, at the moment, at present, nowadays, today,
tonight, currently, always, still etc.
Present Perfect just, ever, never, already, yet (negations & questions),
always, how long, so far, recently, lately, since (=
from a starting point in the past), for (= over a period
of time), today, this week/month etc.
Present Perfect Continuous how long, for, since

2 Present Simple

1 Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple form.

1. She never ……….. (do) her homework.

2. Joe ……… (study) really hard.
3. Joana ……….. (buy) new stuff all the time.
4. The teachers ……….. (teach) us new things.
5. Lisa ……….. (try) to help her sister.
6. This girl always ………… (push) somebody.
7. The bee ……… (buzz).
8. David never ……….. (mix) milk and eggs.
9. The baby ………. (cry) every night.
10. My parents ………… (watch) this show every night.
11. Isabella ……….. (enjoy) listening to music.

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12. Mark ………. (go) home at seven.
13. Nick ……….. (play) tennis twice a week.
14. Taylor ……….. (work) as a doctor.
15. They ……….. (pay) me well.

2 Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple form. Make the sentences
interrogative and negative.

1. They ……… (go) to the city once a week.

2. You ……… (play) the guitar very well.
3. She always ……….. (visit) me.
4. Tom always ………. (find) new ways to do things.
5. Ann ……… (want) to speak.
6. Toronto ………. (be) in Canada.
7. Cars ……….. (have) wheels.
8. My mother ……….. (have) a big house.
9. We ……….. (play) a lot.
10. They ……….. (sell) fruit and eggs.
11. The building ………. (be) on fire.
12. Marta ………. (seem) sad.
13. She usually ………. (help) my neighbors.
14. His brother rarely …………. (leave) town.

3 Complete the text by using the verbs in brackets in the present simple.

Naturally, fire-fighters ……. 1

(put) out fires, but their job also ……. 2
(include)
many other things. They often ……. 3
(rescue) people from car crashes, and when
there is a flood, they ……. 4
(pump) the water out of buildings. And they …….
always ……. 5 (not/work) with humans. If someone ……. 6 (phone) to say that their
cat is stuck in a tree, the fire service ……. 7
(send) someone to save it. In some
9
places, a fire-fighter ……. 8 (not/work) 8 hours every day. Instead, they ……. 9 (do) a
24-hour shift and then ……. 10 (have) two days off – which of course ……. 11 (equal)
8 hours a day!

4 Complete the text with the affirmative, negative or question form of the verbs in
brackets.

What a (do) ….. the body ……. to protect itself? Your body b (prevent) ……..
harmful microorganisms entering and causing harm. The skin, for example, c (allow)
……. microorganisms to enter. Hairs and mucus in your nose d (catch) ……..
invaders, and then you e (push) ……… the mucus out when you cough, sneeze or
blow your nose. Enzymes and acids in the body, and white blood cells also f (destroy)
……. bacteria.
How g (help) …….. antibiotics? Doctors h (use) ……. antibiotic drugs to fight
bacterial infections, but antibiotics i (work) ……. against viruses. This is why doctors
j (give) ……. antibiotics to patients with a common cold or flu.
How k (work) ……. immunization? Immunization (or vaccination) is another way of
protecting the body, by injecting the body with dead or inactive microorganisms.
After vaccination, the body l (start) ……. to make antibodies that destroy the
microorganism. Because the microorganisms in the vaccination are not dangerous,
the person m (get) ……. ill. When they n (come) ……. into contact with a live
(dangerous) microorganism, then the antibodies o (destroy) ……. the infection before
it makes them ill.

5 Fill in the gaps with the correct present simple form of the verb in brackets.

International greetings
People from different countries (1) …….. (have) different ways of greeting each
other. In most European countries people (2) ………. (shake) hands when they (3)

10
……… (meet). Sometimes, if they (4) …….. (know) each other very well, they may
kiss on each cheek. In some Asian countries like Japan, it (5) …….. (be) polite to
bow when you (6) ……… (be) introduced to someone. The Malays in Malaysia and
Singapore (7) ………. (do) something called ‘salaam’. A Malay (8) …….. (extend)
his or her hand to the other person and then brings it to his or her chest. In India some
people (9) ………. (put) their hands together in front of their chest with their fingers
pointing upwards. And they (10) ………. (bow) slightly. I (11) ……….. (be) sure
there are lots of other ways of saying ‘hello’. (12) …… you …… (know) any more
ways of greeting people?

3 Present Continuous

6 Put the verbs in brackets into Present Continuous. Make the sentences
interrogative and negative.

1. My book …………………. (lie) on the table.

2. They …………………… (work).
3. The doctor and her patient ……………………….. (talk).
4. We ……………. (cook) dinner. My mother ………………… (make) a salad.
5. A young man ………………… (drive) a car. He …………… (listen) music.
6. My grandfather …………………………… (read) a book.
7. The pen …………………………….. (lie) on the floor.
8. You ………………………. (have) a break.
9. She still ……………………………. (sing).
10. We …………………….. (sing) our favourite song.
11. My brother and I …………………………… (play) a computer game.
12. The teachers ……………………… (show) us a film.
13. She’s bored. Her friend ………………………. (watch) TV again.

11
14. Martin’s excited. Chelsea ………………………. (win) the match.
15. I’m scared. A big dog ………………………… (stand) in front of me.
16. She’s happy. She …………………….. (not work) today.
17. I’m worried. It …………………………… (rain) and I haven’t got an umbrella.
18. The teacher is annoyed. We ……………………………. (not listen).

7 Fill in the gaps with the correct present continuous form of the verb in
brackets.

A project on pollution
I (1) …….. (do) a school project about pollution. I (2) ………. (find) a lot of
information on the Internet. It’s not good news! Everyday pollution (3) ……… (get)
worse in the big cities around the world. More and more people (4) ………. (buy)
cars and driving them to work. There are more factories and they (5) ………. (make)
more things for us to buy. So factories (6) …… also …….. (make) more pollution.
At home, we (7) ……….. (try) to reduce our own pollution. We (8) ………
(separate) the rubbish into different sorts: glass, paper, plastic, so it can be recycled.
My parents have stopped using the car so much. Now they (9) ……….. (not drive) to
work. They (10) ………. (take) the bus instead. I (11) ……….. (cycle) to school with
my older brother. What (12) …… you ………. (do) to reduce pollution?

8 Put the verbs in brackets into the present continuous.

1. The water …………………… (boil). Can you turn it off?

2. Lily is in Barcelona at the moment. She ……………………… (learn) Spanish.
3. Can you hear those people? What they ………………………… (talk) about?
4. I ……………………… (visit) my doctor at 5 p.m. today.
5. Is it your brother at the shop? – No, my brother …………………. (take) the
exam at the moment.

12
6. Come on. We are already late. Everyone ……………………….. (wait) for us.
7. Look! They ………………………….. (try) to get the car started. But it seems
that something is wrong.
8. I can’t stand such noise. Our neighbors ………………………. (have) a party
and nobody is able to get to sleep.
9. You …………………… (always / ask) me to do you a favor. But I receive no
help from you when I need it!
10. What ……. you ………… (do)? ‒ I ………………. (clean) the kitchen as the
guests will arrive soon.
11. They …………………….. (always / come) unexpectedly. It annoys me.
12. Don’t hurry. Check your belongings. We …………….. (arrive) at the custom
control zone.

9 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form.

1. The Collins …………….. (visit) us tonight. So we are all very busy. Mother
…………………. (cook) and I ……………… (clean) the house. Only
grandfather ………………. (do) absolutely nothing. He ……………… (read) a
newspaper at the moment.
2. I have great plans for the following week. I …………………… (go) to the
museum on Monday with Nelly. On Wednesday I …………………… (visit)
my sister who came from her trip to India. On Thursday my mother and I
……………… (go) shopping. And on Saturday we ………………………
(throw) a family party. It …………………… (go) to be amazing.
3. It seems like everything ……………….. (change). The cities …………………
(become) bigger, technology …………… (develop) extremely fast. People
………………… (get) more busy and it seems that we lose all human senses.
4. Hello, Susan! I …………………. (write) to you from the most beautiful place
on the planet, I think. I ………………… (sit) on the bench in front of the

13
 ocean. It is really warm here. I ……………………. (visit) the planetarium
today and tomorrow we …………… (go) to the mountains.

4 Stative Verbs and Dynamic Verbs

Dynamic verbs describe activities, e.g. drive, wash, listen, run etc.
Stative verbs describe a state rather than an action and do not normally have
continuous tenses. These include:
1) Verbs of perceptions and the senses: see, hear, smell, feel, taste etc. We often use
can or could with these verbs.
e.g. Can you see that tall boy over there?
The verbs look, watch and listen express deliberate actions and can be used in
continuous forms.
e.g. Be quiet please! I’m listening to the news.
BUT: I can’t hear you. Can you speak louder, please?
The verbs feel and hurt can be used in either continuous or simple forms, though.
e.g. A: How are you feeling today? or How do you feel today?
B: My leg is hurting. or My leg hurts.

2) Verbs of opinion: agree, believe, consider etc.

3) Verbs of emotions: feel, forgive, hate, like, love etc.

4) Other verbs: appear (=seem), be, belong, fit (= be the right shape and size for
smth), have (=possess), know, look (= appear), need, prefer, require, want,
weigh, wish etc.
e.g. He knows where Peter is. (not is knowing)

14
Some verbs which are normally stative verbs can become dynamic verbs with some
change in meaning.

State Action
I think it’s a good idea. (expresses You’re very quiet. What are you
opinion) thinking about? (question about the
activity of thinking)
The wine tastes good. (it has a good Amy is tasting the wine to see if it’s all
flavour) right. (describing the activity of
tasting)
He has a pet dog. (= he owns) He is having dinner now. (= he is
eating)
This cloth feels like velvet. (= has the She is feeling her way in the dark. (=
texture) she is finding her way)
I see you are in trouble. (= I I am seeing my lawyer tonight. (= I’m
understand) visiting)
The kitchen smells of burnt meat. (= Why are you smelling your food? (=
has the smell) trying the smell of)
He comes from Spain. (= he was born He is coming from Spain. (= he is
in) travelling from)
I love holidays. (in general) I am loving this holiday. (= I’m
enjoying; specific)
Your hair looks great. (= it appears) She is looking at some old
photographs. (= she’s examining)
The baby weighs 5 kilos. (= it is) I am weighing myself on my new
scales. (= I’m finding out my weight)
He is a very foolish person. He is being very foolish. (description of
(description of something about his how he is acting/ behaving at the
character) moment)

15
10 Underline the correct item.

1. I see/am seeing that the situation is out of control.

2. The sausages are tasting/taste delicious.
3. Do you enjoy/Are you enjoying this party?
4. You haven’t said a word all morning. What are you thinking/do you think
about?
5. He has/is having a Siamese cat.
6. These flowers are smelling/smell nice.
7. I don’t know/am not knowing where she keeps the keys.
8. Why are you feeling/do you feel your pockets? Have you lost anything?
9. Why do you smell/are smelling the milk? Do you think it has gone off?
10. Anna is Italian. She is coming/comes from Italy.
11. That dress looks/is looking nice on you.
12. Paul listens/is listening to a new record in his room.
13. If you don’t look/aren’t looking at that comic book, I’d like to see it.
14. Joan weighs/is weighing 50 kilos.
15. Mary is/is being very naughty these days.

11 Complete the gaps using the verbs from the box. Each verb is used once as a
stative verb and once as a dynamic verb. Put the verbs into the appropriate
present simple or present continuous form.

see, think, admire, appear, have, expect, weigh, look, be, represent

1. How much ……. you ……………….? About 60 kilos.

2. We ………………. dinner at the moment so I’ll phone you back in half an hour
if that’s O.K.

16
3. Harry’s been in his room for ages. He ………………. at all his old
photographs.
4. I really ………………. Helen. She’s an excellent manager.
5. Penelope Fitzgerald ………………. in a new production of Oliver in London’s
West End.
6. I’m quite happy for your children to come to the party because I know they
………………. very well-behaved.
7. The snake in this picture ………………. the forces of evil.
8. They don’t really like living here. They ………………. of moving.
9. ………………. you ………………. that man over there with the grey suit on?
He’s my brother.
10. I’m really looking forward to this holiday. The hotel ………………. lovely in
the photographs.
11. I can’t come out tonight because I ………………. Paul.
12. I’ll do it if I can, but I ………………. not ………………. much time today.
13. What ………………. you ………………. of the management’s new proposals?
14. ‘What are you doing here?’
‘I ………………. just ………………. this painting. I think it’s really
beautiful’.
15. ‘Where is the baby?’
‘They ………………. her. Look, there she is on the scales.’
16. I haven’t spoken to him much but he ………………. to be a very nice man.
17. Look at Nick out in the garden. He ………………. really nice with the younger
children.
18. So Peter’s still not here. I ………………. he’s forgotten about the meeting. We
should start without him.
19. ‘I hope you’ve got a good lawyer.’
‘Yes, Alison Medley ………………. me at the trial. She’s the best lawyer in
town.

17
12 Fill in with Present Simple or Present Continuous.

Sue: What (1) … are you doing … (you/do) now?

Mark: I (2) ………………………. (look) through these old film magazines. Look,
here’s an old picture of Jack Nicholson.
Sue: Oh, I (3) …………………………… (think) he (4) ……………………….
(look) awful! And his suit (5) ……………………………. (not/fit) him
properly.
Mark: Yes, I (6) …………………. (agree). And he (7) ……………………………
(appear) to be really angry. I wonder what he (8) ……………….. (think)
about.
Sue: He (9) …………………………. (be) in that new film that’s on at the Odeon
now, isn’t he?
Mark: Yes, I saw it last night. He (10) …………………………… (look) very
different now. He (11) …………………………. (weigh) a lot more.
Sue: I (12) …………………………. (hope) it’s a good film. I (13)
……………………………. (see) it tonight. Stuart (14)
…………………………….. (take) me. Actually, he (15)
……………………………. (be) very nice to me these days.
Mark: He probably (16) ………………………….. (want) to borrow some money.
Sue: I (17) …………………………. (see). That explains it.

13 Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple
or Present Continuous.

1. I …am looking … (look) at the details on the screen right now.

2. I ……………………… (look) at the sales results in details every month.
3. The production line ………………………. (not/work) at weekends.
4. The production line ………………………. (not/work) at the moment.

18
5. Yes, I agree. I ……………………… (think) it’s a good idea.
6. I ………………………. (think) about it. I’ll let you know tomorrow.
7. Helen ……………………… (stay) at the Astoria while she’s in Madrid this
month.
8. Helen ……………………… (stay) at the Astoria when she’s in Madrid.
9. We ……………………… (take) a sample for testing once a day.
10. We ……………………… (take) a big risk if we go ahead with the project.
11. They ………………………… (be) usually very flexible if we need to change
the order.
12. They ………………………… (be) flexible about giving us credit for a few
more months.

14 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: present simple or present
continuous.

1 Mary ……. (see) Peter standing at the bus stop.

Mary: Hello, Peter. What bus ……. you ……. (wait) for?
Peter: Hello, Mary. I ……. (wait) for a 9 or a 14.
2 Mary: You usually ……. (go) to work by car, don’t you?
Peter: Yes, but the car ……. (belong) to my mother and she sometimes …….
(want) it. She ……. (use) it today to take Tom to the dentist.
3 Mary: I usually ……. (go) by car too. Jack ……. (take) me because he …….
(pass) my office on his way to the factory. But this week he ……. (work) in a
factory in the opposite direction: so I ……. (queue) like you.
4 Peter: Here’s a 9 now. You ……. (come) on it or you ……. (wait) for a 14?
Mary: I (think) I’ll take the 9. If I ……. (wait) for a 14 I may be late, and if you
……. (be) late at my office everyone ……. (look) at you.
5 Mary and Ann ……. (wait) outside a telephone box. Inside the box a boy …….
(dial) a number.

19
 Mary: ……. you ……. (know) that boy?
Ann: Yes, he’s a friend of my brother’s. He ……. (phone) his girlfriend every
day from this box.
6 Mary: Where ……. he ……. (come) from?
Ann: He ……. (come) from Japan. He’s a very clever boy; he ……. (speak)
four languages.
7 Mary: What ……. he ……. (speak) now.
Ann: Well, his girlfriend ……. (come) from Japan too; so I ……. (suppose) he
……. (speak) Japanese.
8 It is 8.30. Tom and Ann ……. (have) breakfast. They both ……. (open) their
letters.
Tom: No one ever ……. (write) to me. All I ……. (get) is bills! ……. you …….
(have) anything interesting?
9 Ann: I’ve got a letter from Hugh. He ……. (say) he ……. (come) to London
next week and ……. (want) us to meet him for lunch.
10 Peter: ……. you ……. (have) traffic wardens in your country?
Pedro: No, I ……. (not think) so. You ……. (not see) them in my town
anyway. What exactly ……. a traffic warden ……. (do)?
11 Peter: He ……. (walk) up and down the street and if a car ……. (stay) too long
at a parking place or ……. (park) in a no-parking area he …….. (stick) a
parking ticket to the windscreen.
12 Look! He ……. (put) a ticket on Tom’s car. Tom will be furious when he …….
(see) it. He ……. (hate) getting parking tickets.
13 Customer: I ……. (want) to buy a fur coat. Have you any nice coats for about
£500?
Assistant: I’m afraid we just ……. (close), madam. It’s 4.55, and we always
……. (close) at 5.00 sharp on Fridays as Mr. Jones, the manager, ……. (not
want) to miss his favourite television programme.
14 It is Friday evening and the Browns are at home. Mrs Brown ……. (listen) to a

20
 concert on the radio; Mr Brown ……. (read) a paper, George Brown ……. (do)
his homework and Ann Brown ……. (write) a letter.
15 Mr Brown always ……. (read) his newspapers in the evenings. Mrs Brown
sometimes ……. (knit) but she ……. (not knit) tonight.
16 Mr Black often ……. (go) to the theatre but his wife …….. (not go) very often.
He ……. (like) all sorts of plays. She ……. (prefer) comedies.
17 Tonight they ……. (watch) a very modern comedy. They ……. (enjoy) it, but
they ……. (not understand) some of the jokes.

5 Present Perfect

15 Put the verbs in brackets into Present Perfect. Make the sentences interrogative.

1. He …………………… (finish) training.

2. She …………………… (score) twenty points in the match.
3. We ……………………… (watch) all the Champions League matches this
season.
4. That’s amazing! She …………………….. (run) fifteen kilometers this morning!
5. She …………………… (buy) some really nice rollerblades!
6. Oh, no! I ……………………. (lose) my money!
7. My mum ………………………… (write) shopping list. It’s on the kitchen
table.
8. Dad, you …………………….. (eat) my biscuit!
9. I’m tired. I ……………………… (watch) three X-Files videos.
10. Hurry up! They …………………… (start) the film!
11. Mary …………………… (study) hard this year, so she’ll pass her exams.
12. Oh no! She ………………….. (drop) the plate!
13. These are my favourite trousers. I …………………….. (have) them for five

21
 years.
14. The garden is very green. It ……………………… (rain) a lot this month.
15. Tom’s my best friend. I ……………………. (know) him for three years.
16. They …………………….. (live) in Miami for two years.
17. Jo has earache. He ……………………… (have) it since 7 o’clock.
18. Brad ……………………. (live) in Chicago since 1998.

16 Put the verbs into Present Perfect negative.

1. I ………..…. (clean) my football boots.

2. They ………….… (start) their meal.
3. I ………………. (do) my homework.
4. He …………….. (win) all his matches this year.
5. My brother and I ………………. (see) any films this week.
6. It’s my birthday party today. I ………………… (invite) many people.
7. He ……………… (wash) his hands. They’re very dirty.
8. Mum’s really angry. We …………….. (tidy) our room!
9. I can’t play with my friends this evening. I ……………….. (finish) my
homework.
10. I ……………………… (visit) New York for three years.
11. Where is Alison? We …………………….. (see) her since yesterday.
12. Dad ………………………. (take) a holiday since last August.
13. John ………………………. (play) the violin since he was at school.

17 Put in the past participles of the verbs in brackets.

1. We’ve …found… (find) all the answers.

2. Have you ………. (wash) the car?
3. You haven’t ………. (eat) very much.

22
4. They’ve ………. (open) a new supermarket.
5. You’ve ………. (write) it in pencil.
6. I’ve ………. (make) the sandwiches.
7. We’ve ………. (have) our lunch.
8. United have ………. (score) a goal.
9. The balloon has ………. (land) in a field.
10. Who’s ………. (break) this glass?
11. It’s warm because the heating has ………. (be) on.
12. Have you ………. (sell) your flat yet?
13. I’ve ………. (finish) that job at last.

18 Some students are arranging an end-of-term party. Carrie is checking whether

everything is ready. Use the words given, use the present perfect, and put just,
yet, still, and already in the correct places where necessary.

CARRIE: Are we all here? … Has everybody arrived yet … (everybody/ arrive/
yet)?
JIM: …………………… 1
(Ruth/ phone/ just). She has a problem with her
motorbike so …………………… 2
(she/ not/ leave/ still) her house, but
we can start without her because I know what ……………………. 3 (she/
do).
CARRIE: All right. Jim, what food ………………………. 4 (you/buy)?
JIM: ……………………… 5
(I/ not/ buy/ anything/ yet), but
………………….. 6
(I/ order/ just) cheese, ham, bread and salad
vegetables and …………………… 7
(I/ ask/ already) if they can have it
ready early on Saturday morning.
CARRIE: Fine. And drinks?
JIM: Pauline’s cousin works in a wine shop. …………………. 8 (she/ get) us a
good discount on most things and ……………….. 9
(she/ promise) to

23
 deliver everything in good time.
CARRIE: Great! Bobby, …………………. 10
(you/ find) somewhere that will lend
us chairs and tables?
BOBBY: Well, …………………….. 11
(I/ ask) if we can borrow them from the
people at the community centre, but they ……………………. 12
(not/
phone back/ still).
CARRIE: ……………….. 13
(I/ persuade) my brother’s band to come and play for
us. And ………………… 14
(I/ check/ just) the weather on the internet.
It’s going to be fine on Saturday.

19 Make sentences using the verbs in Present Perfect and the words ‘for’ and
‘since’.

1. Kate/be/in bed/a long time.

2. She / not eat / anything / this morning.
3. She / not see / her friends / a week.
4. She / stay / at home / Tuesday.
5. She / have / a red nose / three days.
6. She / not play / basketball / last weekend.
7. She / not do / any school work / Monday.

6 Present Perfect Continuous

20 Put the verbs in brackets into Present Perfect Continuous.

1. He …………………… (repair) the ceiling for the whole morning. Maybe he

needs some help?

24
2. They …………………….. (play) football for two hours already.
3. Where has it been? I ………………….. (search) for it all day!
4. Uncle Tim …………………… (decorate) the New Year Tree for the whole day.
5. You ……………………… (clean) the yard for the last 2 hours?
6. I ……………………… (read) this new novel for the last several days.
7. Jenna ……………………….. (talk) to the marketing director for two hours
right now.
8. He ………………….. (talk) about their new development strategy for the last
three hours.
9. The soup …………………….. (boil) since 12 a.m. Should I turn it off?
10. My father ………………….. (send) application letters for half a year already
and still he hasn’t got a job.

21 Make the Present Perfect Continuous questions.

1. How long ………………….. for me? (you / wait)

2. What ………………………………….. since he returned? (John / do)
3. Why ………………………………… meat lately? (you / not / eat)
4. There’s so much snow on the road. …………………………. all night? (it /
snow)
5. Why …………………………….. for such a long time? (Sam and Mary / argue)
6. ……………………………… my shampoo? There’s not much left. (you / use)
7. How long ………………………………. glasses? (Jill / not wear)
8. …………………………….. since you decided to take the exam? (you / revise)
9. Where ………………………………….. lately? (your dad / work)
10. Your hands are covered with chocolate. ………………….. a cake? (you / make)

22 More party preparations

Fiona is in charge of a big party but she arrives late, in the middle of the

25
preparations. Complete the dialogue by putting the verbs into the present perfect
simple or present perfect continuous.

FIONA: Hello, everybody. I’m sorry I’m late. I …have been trying... 0
(try) to
find a DJ but so far I ………………. 1
(not/find) one, though one
………………. 2 (promise) to phone me later. ………………. 3 (you all
/ get on) with what we decided?
KATE: Well, Tim and I ………………. 4
(make) sandwiches ever since we
arrived. So far, we ………………. 5 (make) about 50.
FIONA: Charlie, ………………. 6
(you / manage) to set up the sound system
yet?
CHARLIE: Well, I ………………. 7 (work) on it all morning but there are a couple
of technical problems that I ………………. 8 (not/solve) yet.
FIONA: You look very hot, Mike. I suppose that’s because you ………………. 9
(move) the chairs and tables.
MIKE: That’s right. But I’ve almost finished, and my sister ………………. 10

(wipe) all of them so they are ready for use.

(RING, RING)
FIONA: Oh, that’s my mobile. Hello … Yes, I ………………. 11
(expect) your
call … You can? Oh, that’s great! … See you about 9 o’clock then. Bye!
FIONA: Great news, everybody. That guy I mentioned ………………. 12
(agree)
to be our DJ.

23 Put the verbs into the correct form.

1. What an amazing smell coming from the kitchen! What is it? ‒ I

…………………… (cook) an apple pie.
2. I had no idea Mary could drive. ‒ Yes, she ………………… (drive) since last
May.

26
3. Let’s go. We are already late! ‒ Relax! I ……………………… (prepare) for
this party for the last 8 hours. It can wait two more minutes.
4. …………………… (you / see) my documents? I …………………… (look) for
them since last Saturday.
5. My two little brothers ……………………….. (play) the computer game for the
last two hours.
6. Is that Mrs. Thompson? The one he …………………….. (talk) about for the
last two weeks?
7. We …………………….. (live) in this house for twelve years already.
8. He doesn’t give any attention to me. He …………………. (talk) to this woman
for the last 40 minutes.
9. You ………………………. (watch) television for too long! You should turn it
off.
10. Daniel ………………………… (work) for the same employer for 10 years.

24 Put the verbs in brackets into Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous.

1. …………………… (you / buy) your train ticket yet?

2. The kitchen is a complete mess! What …………………… (the children / do)?
3. Julie …………………… (learn) to drive for six years!
4. Amanda …………………… (already / have) lunch, so she’ll meet us later.
5. How much coffee …………………… (she / drink) this morning?
6. Simon …………………… (write) three books.
7. I …………………… (do) everything I needed to do today! Hurray!
8. It …………………… (not / rain) all summer, so the garden is dead.
9. I …………………… (read) your book. Here it is, thank you.
10. She …………………… (forget) how to get to my house.
11. I …………………… (work) in the garden all day and I need a rest.
12. She …………………… (make) three cakes. They look delicious!

27
13. David feels great these days. He …………………… (get) up early lately.
14. Recently, I …………………… (study) a lot. My exams are in a few weeks.
15. We …………………… (always / hate) rush hour traffic.
16. I …………………… (always / love) chocolate.
17. I …………………… (want) to go back to university for a long time.
18. We …………………… (write) this book for months and months.
19. What’s that delicious smell? …………………… (you / cook)?
20. I …………………… (watch) seven films this week!

25 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: present perfect or present
perfect continuous.

1. Ann .……….. (fail) her driving test three times because she’s so bad at
reversing. But she .……….. (practise) reversing for the last week and I think she
.……….. (get) a bit better at it.
2. He .……….. (play) the bagpipes since six o’clock this morning. He …. only just
.……….. (stop).
3. Why ……. you .……….. (not bring) me the letters for signature? …. you
.……….. (not type) them yet?
4. Tom (looking up absent-mindedly as Mary comes in): …… you .………..
(sunbathe)?
Mary (crossly): Don’t be ridiculous! It .……….. (rain) all day!
5. A pair of robins .……….. (build) a nest in the porch since last week. I .………..
(watch) them from my window since they began.
6. The police .……….. (not find) the murderer yet, but the dead man’s brother
.……….. (be) in the station all day. The police say that he .……….. (help) them
with their enquiries.
7. They .……….. (pull) down most of the houses in this street, but they .………..
(not touch) the old shop at the corner yet.

28
8. Tom is convinced that there is gold in these hills but we .……….. (search) for
six months and .……….. (not see) any sign of it.
9. Peter .……….. (be) a junior clerk for three years. Lately he .……….. (look) for
a better post but so far he .……….. (not find) anything.
10. I .……….. (do) housework all morning and I .……….. (not finish) yet. ~ I
.……….. (do) mine already. I always start at 6 a.m.
11. I …. just .……….. (pick) ten pounds of strawberries! I .……….. (grow)
strawberries for years but I never .……….. (have) such a good crop before.
12. She …. just .……….. (sell) two of her own paintings. ~ She’s lucky. I .………..
(paint) for five years and I .……….. (not sell) a single picture yet.
13. They are throwing crockery at each other in the next flat. ~ …. this .………..
(happen) before? ~ Well, they .……….. (have) a good many rows but this is the
first time they .……….. (throw) crockery.
14. What …. you .……….. (do) with my typewriter? I can’t find it anywhere. ~
Tom …. just .……….. (go) off with it. He says he’ll bring it back when
he.……….. (finish).
15. He .……….. (work) for Crow Brothers for forty years and never once .………..
(be) late. The firm …. just .……….. (present) him with a gold watch as a sign of
their appreciation.
16. We .……….. (mend) sheets all morning but we only .……….. (do) three, and
now the sewing machine .……….. (break) down so we’ll be even slower with
the next one.

26 Match the sentences with the meaning of the tense used in each of them.

1. He drinks a litre of milk every day. a emphasis on duration

2. Milk contains a lot of vitamins. b temporary situation
3. He is getting stronger. c repeated action expressing
annoyance

29
 4. She has just passed her exams. d emphasis on number
5. She is having a party at the moment. e habitual action
6. He has been working all day. f recently completed action
7. She has phoned him three times this g permanent truth
morning.
8. He is always borrowing money from h changing or developing
me. situation
9. She has been walking all morning. i fixed arrangement in the near
(Her feet are aching.) future
10. They are getting married next week. j past action of certain duration
(They’ve already sent the invitations.) having visible results in the
present

27 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present form.

1. A: Tortoises ………. (live) to be very old.

B: I’ve heard of one which is over a hundred years old.
2. A: Are you still busy?
B: Yes. I ………. (read) this article for an hour and I still ………. (not/finish).
3. A: More and more people ………. (go) to university these days.
B: Yes. I think it’s a good thing.
4. A: I ………. (have) a party tonight. Do you want to come?
B: Yes. What time does it start?
5. A: Why are your shoes wet?
B: I ………. (wash) the car.
6. A: What’s the matter?
B: I ………. (break) my ankle.
7. A: What do I need to do next?
B: You ………. (add) the sugar to the mixture and you ………. (mix) it well.

30
8. A: Who ………. (use) my car?
B: I have.
9. A: Are you new here?
B: No. Actually, I ………. (live) here for almost ten years.
10 A: Pete is playing his music very loud.
B: Again! He ………. (always/do) that!
11. A: Have you made plans for Saturday yet?
B: I ………. (go) to the cinema with Jack.
12. A: Mr Collins is a very good teacher.
B: Well, he ………. (teach) Maths for twenty-five years, you know.
13. A: Are you going to the concert on Saturday night?
B: Yes. Actually, I ………. (already/buy) the tickets.
14. A: Hello, Simon.
B: Oh! We ………. (always/meet) each other in this supermarket.

28 Match the sentences with the meaning of the tense used in each of them.

1. Cantona passes to Hughes … and a action started in the past and

Hughes scores! continuing up to the present
2. Who’s been drinking my orange juice? b permanent situation
3. Light travels faster than sound. c past action at an unstated time
connected with the present
4. He’s been watching TV since 6 d sports commentary
o’clock.
5. Spencer opens the door and sees the e personal experience/change
murderer. which has happened
6. He lives in Tokyo. f action happening at/around the
moment of speaking
7. I’ve learnt a lot in this class. g timetable

31
8. The film starts at 11 o’clock. h action expressing irritation
9. My mother is cooking dinner. i dramatic narrative
10. He has written to the Prime Minister. j law of nature

29 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present form.

1. A: Linda …………. (learn) to drive at the moment.

B: I know. She told me last week.
2. A: Has Alan got a job?
B: Oh yes. He …………. (be) the manager of a leisure centre.
3. A: Do you want to have a break now?
B: Not yet. I …………. (write) a report for tomorrow’s meeting.
4. A: It’s ten o’clock. Have you given the manager his letters?
B: Yes, and I …………. (also/type) six reports so far this morning.
5. A: Is Jeff still in the garden?
B: Yes. He …………. (plant) flowers all afternoon.
6. A: That author is very well-known, isn’t she?
B: Yes. She …………. (write) twenty novels so far.
7. A: You look very happy today.
B: I am. I …………. (just/hear) some good news.
8. A: What time …………. (the play/start) tonight?
B: Seven o’clock, I think.
9. A: Are you new to this company?
B: Not really. In fact, I …………. (work) here for almost two years.
10. A: Are you ready for the concert?
B: Yes. I …………. (practise) for weeks.
11. A: Do you do any exercise at all?
B: Yes. Actually, I …………. (go) swimming three times a week.

32
30 Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. Собрание только что закончилось.

2. Рады вас видеть. Мы не встречались целую вечность!
3. Ее компания продает компьютеры.
4. Вы слышали последние новости?
5. Где ваш секретарь? – Она помогает начальнику составить доклад на
совещание.
6. Ежедневно каждый из агентов работает с несколькими клиентами.
7. Они обсуждают условия контракта уже час.
8. Джейн работает в страховой компании с 1998 года.
9. Мы уже закончили просматривать документы и можем начать их
обсуждение.
10. Кого вы ждете? – Я жду подругу.
11. Как давно этот юрист работает в вашей компании? – Уже 5 лет.
12. Она читает письмо от сына.
13. Они грузят товары с 8.00 утра, и, наверное, не закончат погрузку к вечеру.
14. Как часто вы ходите в театр?
15. Посмотри! Погода меняется. Становится теплее.

33
 Past Forms

Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect

Continuous
past actions which action in the middle past action which action continuing over
happened one after of happening at a occurred before a a period up to a
the other stated past time stated past time specific time in the
past
e.g. She sealed the e.g. He was playing e.g. He had left by e.g. She had been
letter, put a stamp on tennis at 5.30 the time I got there. working as a clerk for
it and posted it. yesterday. (or by 8.15) 10 years before she
resigned.
past habit or state past action in complete past action past action of certain
progress which had visible duration which had
e.g. He used to interrupted by results in the past visible results in the
go/went to school on another past action. past
foot. The longer action is e.g. She was sad e.g. They were wet
in the Past because she had because they had been
complete action or Continuous, the failed the test. walking in the rain.
event which shorter action is in
happened at a stated the Past Simple
past time
e.g. While I was
e.g. She called an sleeping the bell
hour ago. rang.
(When? An hour
ago.)
action which two or more the Past Perfect is the Past Perfect
happened at a simultaneous past the past equivalent Continuous is the past
definite past time actions of the Present equivalent of the
although the time is Perfect Present Perfect
not mentioned. This e.g. While she was Continuous
action is not swimming we were e.g. He couldn’t find
connected with the playing chess. his watch. He had e.g. She went to the
present or background lost it. doctor. Her leg had
description to events (He can’t find his been aching for two
e.g. Shakespeare in a story watch. He has lost days. (She is going to
wrote a lot of plays. it.) the doctor. Her leg has
(Shakespeare is now e.g. She was flying to been aching for two
dead: he won’t write Rome. The sun was days.)
again, period of time shining, the wind
now finished) was blowing…

Time expressions used with:

Past Simple yesterday, yesterday morning/evening etc, last

34
 night/week etc, two weeks/a month ago, then, just now,
when, in 2010, etc.
Past Continuous while, when, as, all day/night/morning, at … o’clock
yesterday, etc.
Past Perfect before, after, already, just, for, since, till, until, when,
by the time, never etc.
Past Perfect Continuous for, since, how long, before, until, etc.

7 Past Simple

31 Write the simple past forms.

become ……………….. develop ………………..

open ……………….. think ………………..
begin ……………….. bring ………………..
start ……………….. learn ………………..
drink ……………….. catch ………………..
make ……………….. say ………………..
put ……………….. take ………………..
stand ……………….. write ………………..
answer ……………….. rob ………………..
forget ……………….. get ………………..
leave ……………….. read ………………..
keep ……………….. pay ………………..
swim ……………….. visit ………………..
eat ……………….. rain ………………..

35
hit ……………….. give ………………..
fall ……………….. understand ………………..
see ……………….. ask ………………..

32 Put simple past verbs into the story.

1-6: come, hear, open, say, not see, stand

7-10: give, hold, not read, take
11-15: run, say, not speak, turn, write

He 1 ……………. outside her door for a long time. Then he 2 …………….. her
footsteps inside the house. She 3 ……………….. the door and 4 ………………. out.
At first she 5……………………. him, but then she 6 ……………….. ‘Oh, hello,
Harold.’ He 7 ………………… a paper out of his pocket and 8 ……………… it to
her. She 9 ………………….. it in one hand, but 10 ………….. it. ‘Listen,’ he 11
……………… . She 12 ……………… . ‘I 13 ……………. you this letter because
−’ She 14 …………… back into the house. He 15 …………… and walked slowly
down the street.

33 Make simple past negative sentences.

1. I played hockey. (football) ….…I didn’t play football ………………………

2. We spoke Spanish together. (Arabic) …………………………………….......
3. My uncle taught mathematics. (science) ……………………………………..
4. Bill cooked the potatoes. (the fish) …………………………………………..
5. I took my mother to the mountains. (my father) ……………………………..
6. We told our parents everything. (the police) …………………………………
7. I wrote to my sister. (my brother) ……………………………………………
8. I liked the party. (the music) …………………………………………………

36
9. We knew her address. (phone number) ………………………………………

34 Make simple past questions.

1. John enjoyed the food, but (the music ) …did he enjoy the music?...................
2. She listened to everything, but (remember it ) ………………………………...
3. You didn’t pay Andy, but (the others ) ………………………………………..
4. You liked the book, but (the film ) ……………………………………………
5. He played football, but (well ) ………………………………………………...
6. You gave them some help, but (any money ) …………………………………

8 Past Continuous

35 Fill in the gaps with the correct past continuous form of the verbs from the box.
Use every verb only once.

blow, hit, plan, tell, think, talk

fight, get, feel, rain, try, hope

A bad holiday
Jeffrey: What (1) ……………. you and Tom …………….. about?
Andrew: He (2) ……………… me about his holiday. It sounded terrible! The
weather was bad. It (3) …………… all the time and his sisters (4) ……….
always …………….. because they were bored. His parents (5) …………
desperately …………… to think of things to do. They (6) …………… to
go swimming and windsurfing but it was impossible. They (7) …………
for better weather but, in fact, it (8) …………… worse and worse by the

37
 day! The wind (9) ……………. strongly and the waves (10) ………….
nearly …………. their cottage! Can you believe it? Tom (11) ………….
more and more fed up!
Jeffrey: What did they do?
Andrew: Well, they (12) ………….. of staying three weeks but they came home
after three days! Poor Tom!
Jeffrey: Yes, poor Tom!

36 Write Yes/No questions or Wh-questions.

1. At 10.00 I was reading. (a newspaper) ……‘Were you reading a

newspaper?’…..
2. When I saw Peter he was eating. (what) …………………………………………
3. When I went to Pat’s office, she was writing. (letters) …………………………..
4. At lunchtime Joe was shopping. (where) ………………………………………...
5. At 8.30 Ann was cooking. (what) ………………………………………………..
6. When I arrived, all the children were crying. (why) ……………………………..
7. At midnight, Mary and Jack were driving. (to Scotland) ………………………...

37 Complete the following sentences using an appropriate past simple or past

continuous tense.

1. When I ………………. (drive) to work, I …………………… (see) Peter.

2. When I ……………… (have a bath), the telephone ……………………. (ring).
3. I ………………… (sleep) when someone ………………. (knock) on the door.
4. While she ……………………. (play) games, I …………………….. (work).
5. As I …………………… (open) my eyes, I ……………… (see) a strange sight.
6. James …………… (tidy) the lounge while I ……….………….. (cook) supper.
7. While they …………… (play) caroms, somebody ………..…. (break) into the

38
 house.
8. I …………….. (think) of it just when you ……………….. (open) your mouth.
9. When she …………….. (have a bath), the child ………………. (begin) to cry.
10. She ………………….. (take) out her pen and …………………. (start) writing.

38 Complete the sentences using did, was or were.

1. ‘…. you working when I rang?’ ‘No, I …. n’t.’

2. ‘…. you see me on television?’ ‘Yes, I …. .’
3. ‘What …. you doing when they arrived?’ ‘I …. reading the paper.’
4. ‘…. they working hard?’ ‘No, they …. n’t.’
5. ‘…. she crying when you saw her?’ ‘Yes, she …. .’
6. ‘…. they speak to you when you met?’ ‘No, they …. n’t.’
7. Peter …. still lying in bed so he …. n’t hear the doorbell.
8. ‘…. the police find the man?’ ‘No, they …. n’t. He …. hiding in an empty
building.’
9. We …. shouting to you. …. n’t you hear us?
10. I …. looking for some photos when you rang but I …. n’t find them.

39 Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or past continuous.

1. It 1 …happened… (happen) in June 1985. It 2 …………… (be) summer and we

3
…………….. (all / lie out) in the garden. My mother 4
…………….. (read)
and my uncle 5 ……………… (just / doze) in the sun. We children 6 …………..
(look for) worms and insects. And then he 7 …………. (arrive). He 8 …………..
(be) a tall, handsome man with piercing blue eyes and he 9
……….. (look)
straight at my mother. Her face 10 …………… (go) pale and her eyes 11 ………..
(open) wide with shock.
‘Arthur, I 12 ………….. (think) you 13 ……………. (be) dead,’ she 14 …………

39
 (say) in a kind of whisper.

2. A: I 15
……………. (phone) you at about 9 o’clock this morning but you 16

………….. (not answer). What 17 …………….. (you / do)?

B: Well, I 18 …………….. (hear) the phone but I 19 ………….. (have) a shower
and I 20
……………. (can not) get out in time to answer it. Anyway, what 21

…………… (you / want)?

A: Well, last night I 22
…………… (clear out) that old desk you 23
…………
(give) me when I 24
…………. (come across) a pile of old letters with a red
ribbon round them.
B: My letters?
A: Yes, they 25 ………….. (be addressed) to you. And they 26 ……………. (all /
smell) of perfume, a man’s perfume.

3. Last night Jake 27

……………. (wake up) at about 3 a.m. As soon as he 28

………….. (wake up), he 29 ……………. (listen out) for strange noises but he 30
…………… (not hear) any. His father 31
…………… (snore) in the next room,
some central heating pipes 32
……………. (make) a bit of a noise and a tap 33

…………. (drip) in the bathroom. It was all as usual. Jake 34

………… (open)
the window and 35 …………. (look) outside. The moon 36 ……… (be) full and it
37
………….. (shine) brightly. Jake 38
………….. (think) he 39
………….. (see)
an owl in one of the trees. He 40
……………… (can certainly hear) one. But
then he 41
……………… (see) something different. A man – no, it 42

…………….. (be) a woman. She 43

…………….. (wear) white and she 44

……………. (hide) behind a tree. Suddenly she 45

……………. (run) towards
the house.

40 Complete the sentences, putting the verbs in the past simple or past continuous.

40
1. They …were waiting… for me when I …arrived… at the station. (wait/arrive)
2. She …………. in the sea when I ………….. her. (swim/see)
3. …………. they …………. tennis when it ………… raining? (play/start)
4. She …………… when she …………… the news. (cry/hear)
5. We ……………. home from the theatre when the police ………….. us.
(drive/stop)
6. Everyone ……………. quiet when the concert ……………. . (go/begin)
7. When she ……………. him, he ………….. quite ill. (leave/become)
8. You ……………… in a restaurant when I first ……………… you. (work/meet)
9. I ……………. very angry when I …………….. the letter. (feel/read)
10. It ……………… when I …………………. . (rain/get up)

9 Past Perfect

41 Make the positive or negative past perfect simple.

1. When I arrived at the cinema, the film ……………….. (start).

2. She ………………. (live) in China before she went to Thailand.
3. After they …………………. (eat) the shellfish, they began to feel sick.
4. If you ……………. (listen) to me, you would have got the job.
5. Julie didn’t arrive until after I …………………. (leave).
6. When we …………………. (finish) dinner, we went out.
7. The garden was dead because it ………………… (be) dry all summer.
8. He ……………… (meet) her somewhere before.
9. We were late for the plane because we ……………. (forget) our passports.
10. She told me she ……………… (study) a lot before the exam.
11. The grass was yellow because it ………………… (not/rain) all summer.
12. The lights went off because we ……………….. (not/pay) the electricity bill.

41
13. The children ………………….. (not/do) their homework, so they were in
trouble.
14. We …………………. (not/eat) so we went to a restaurant.
15. We couldn’t go to the concert because we ……………. (not/bring) our tickets.
16. She said that she ……………… (not/visit) the UK before.
17. Julie and Anne ………………. (not/meet) before the party.
18. I ………………. (not/have) breakfast when he arrived.
19. He ………………… (not/use) email before, so I showed him how to use it.
20. You ………………. (not/study) for the test, so you were very nervous.

42 Choose the best alternative for each of the sentences below.

1. When I got to Mary’s, George had gone.

A) George left after I arrived.
B) George left before I arrived.
2. The children had got up when their father arrived.
A) The children were already up before the father arrived.
B) The children got up after the father arrived.
3. The children got up when their father arrived.
A) The children were up before their father arrived.
B) The children got up after their father arrived.
4. When they heard the news, Rob and Chris left.
A) Rob and Chris left before they heard the news.
B) Rob and Chris left after they heard the news.
5. When they heard the news, Rob and Chris had left.
A) Rob and Chris heard the news and then left.
B) The news came after Rob and Chris left.
6. Garry entered the room. They told him to wait outside.
A) He entered the room first.

42
 B) He was told to wait outside first.
7. Gary entered the room. They had told him to wait outside.
A) He entered the room first.
B) He was told to wait outside first.
8. Pat had failed his exam. He became sick.
A) Pat was sick before the exam.
B) Pat was sick after the exam.
9. Pat failed his exam. He had been sick.
A) Pat was sick before the exam.
B) Pat was sick after the exam.
10. The storm damaged the bridge but the man had crossed it.
A) The man crossed it before the storm damaged it.
B) The man crossed it after the storm damaged it.

43 Complete the following sentences with the verbs either in past simple or past
perfect tense.

1. After we ………….. it on the phone, I ……………. him an email about it.

(discuss / write)
2. Before we ……………… Bob to the theatre, he ……………. a stage play
before. (take / never see)
3. By the time we………….. , the football match …………. (arrive / finish)
4. He ……………. to do the job in an hour, but he still ……………. by 7 o’clock.
(promise / not finish)
5. I ………….. the carpet when the dog …………. in and shook himself. (just
clean / come)
6. By the time I ………….., the concert …………… (arrive / finish)
7. I …………….. the shop as soon as I ……………… the contents of the box.
(ring / check)

43
8. They ………………. the door before I ……………… there. (lock / get)
9. When she ………………. the office this morning, Tom …………….. out. (ring
/ already go)

44 Translate the sentences from Russian into English.

1. Какой иностранный язык вы изучали до того, как начали изучать

английский?
2. Прежде чем мы начали обсуждение этого вопроса, мы связались с
заводом-изготовителем.
3. Директор просмотрел контракт, прежде чем подписать его.
4. Я пришел в 6, но они уже закончили работу.
5. К тому времени когда вы пришли, я уже проверил все документы.
6. Заказчик осмотрел новое оборудование на заводе, прежде чем заказал его у
нас.

45 Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or past perfect simple.

James 1
…sat… (sit) outside the office waiting for the interview. He 2
…………
(feel) so nervous that he 3 …………. (not know) what to do with himself. The person
who 4 ………….. (go in) before him 5 …………… (be) in there for nearly an hour.
And she 6
…………. (look) so confident when she 7
………….. (go) in. Not like
James. He 8
………….. (feel) sure that she 9
………… (already get) the job. The
problem 10
…………… (be) that he 11
…………… (want) this job so much. It 12

………….. (mean) everything to him. He 13

…………. (think) about it such a lot
before the day of the interview. He 14
…………… (imagine) himself performing
15
brilliantly at the interview and being offered the job immediately. But now here he
………….. (be) feeling terrible. He 16 ………….. (cannot remember) all those things
he 17
………….. (plan) to say. At that moment, he 18
…………… (almost decide) to

44
get up and leave. But no – he 19
……………. (have to do) this. He 20
…………..
(spend) so much time thinking about it that he 21
…………… (cannot give up) like
that. His hands 22
……………. (be) hot and sticky and his mouth 23
………… (feel)
dry. Finally the door of the office 24
…………….. (open). The woman who 25

……….. (go in) an hour earlier 26

…………. (come out) looking very pleased with
herself. She 27
…………. (smile) sympathetically at James. At that moment James 28

…………. (hate) her. The managing director then 29

………… (appear) at the office
door. ‘Would you like to come in now, Mr Davis? I’m sorry to have kept you
waiting.’ James 30
…………… (suddenly wish) that he 31
…………… (go) home
after all. He 32
…………. (get up), legs shaking and forehead sweating and 33

……….. (wonder) whether he 34

…………. (look) as terrified as he 35
…………..
(feel).

10 Past Perfect Continuous

46 Put the verbs into the past perfect continuous.

1. We …………… (sleep) for 12 hours when he woke us up.

2. They ……………. (wait) at the station for 90 minutes when the train finally
arrived.
3. We ……………… (look for) her ring for two hours and then we found it in the
bathroom.
4. I …………… (not / walk) for a long time, when it suddenly began to rain.
5. How long …… she ……… (learn) English before she went to London?
6. Frank Sinatra caught the flu because he ………….. (sing) in the rain too long.
7. He …………….. (drive) less than an hour when he ran out of petrol.
8. I ……………… (not / work) all day; so I wasn’t tired and went to the disco at

45
 night.
9. They were very tired in the evening because they …………. (help) on the farm
all day.
10. They ……………. (cycle) all day so their legs were sore in the evening.

47 Put the verbs in brackets into the past perfect continuous or past simple.

1. I ……. (wait) for hours so I was really glad when the bus finally …… (arrive).
2. Why …… (be) the baby’s face so dirty? He …… (eat) chocolate.
3. I …… (see) John yesterday, but he …… (run) so he was too tired to chat.
4. It …… (rain) and the pavement …… (be) covered with puddles.
5. When I …… (arrive) it was clear she …… (work). There were papers all over
the floor and books everywhere.
6. They …… (study) all day so when we …… (meet) they were exhausted.
7. The boss …… (talk) to clients on Skype for hours so she …… (want) a break.
8. I …… (drink) coffee all morning. By lunchtime, I …… (feel) really strange!
9. Lucy …… (hope) for a new car, so she was really pleased when she …… (get)
one.
10. I …… (dream) about a holiday in Greece. I couldn’t believe it when my
husband …… (book) one as a surprise!

48 Translate from Russian into English.

1. Они выпускали эту модель в течение пяти лет до того, как разработали
модель 5А.
2. Они устанавливали оборудование два часа, прежде чем прибыл заказчик.
3. Я сказал, что знаю его с октября прошлого года, мы имели дело с одной и
той же компанией.
4. Вы связались с производителем? − Да, я сделал это вчера. Они сказали, что

46
 проводили испытания оборудования в течение двух дней.
5. Я писал доклад уже час, когда он пришел.
6. Они чувствовали себя очень уставшими в 5 часов, потому что обсуждали
условия платежа весь день.

11 Tense contrasts

49 Underline the correct form.

a How a) do you get on / are you getting on in Paris? Sorry b) I haven’t written /
I’m not writing before but c) I train / I’ve been training hard for my basketball
team. We d) played / have played in a tournament last week – we e) come /
came third! I really f) enjoy / enjoyed taking part, but g) I haven’t done / I
wasn’t doing anything else for the past month.
b Unfortunately, when Sarah’s big day h) arrived / was arriving, things i) have
gone / went disastrously wrong at first. For a start, it j) was raining / has been
raining and as the traffic was so heavy, she k) arrived / was arriving nearly ten
minutes late for her interview. Then while she l) was crossing / has crossed the
road, a passing bus m) splashed / was splashing her with water. But inside the
building her luck n) changed / has changed. ‘Mr Fortescue o) is expecting / has
expected me,’ she p) was telling / told the receptionist. ‘He q) hasn’t arrived /
doesn’t arrive yet,’ she was told. ‘Just take a seat.’ Perhaps everything would be
all right after all!
c An art historian r) has discovered / is discovering two missing paintings by Fra
Angelico (1395-1455) in the home of a pensioner from Oxford who s) has died /
died earlier this year. Jean Preston t) bought / has bought the paintings when she
u) was working / has been working in America in the 1960s. Shortly before her
death, a friend v) recognized / has recognized them as part of a group of six

47
 small paintings which Angelico w) painted / has painted in 1439. Miss Preston
x) paid / was paying about £200 for the pair, but experts y) say / said they are
now worth around £1 million.

50 Complete the sentences with the verb in brackets in past simple or present
perfect.

1. She loves Paris. She ..................... (be) there many times.

2. Bill ....................... (work) in that company for 3 years. (He still works there).
3. They ....................... (go) to London on holiday last summer.
4. His parents ....................... (be) here yesterday.
5. They ....................... (go) to Germany when he ....................... (be) only 4.
6. ........... you ......... (watch) any film last night?
7. I ....................... (have) a couple of toasts for breakfast this morning.
8. He ....................... (live) in Rome since he was a teenager.
9. The house looks different. .......... you ............. (paint) it?
10. I ....................... (not see) you in class last Friday.
11. Shakespeare ....................... (write) over one hundred sonnets.

51 Say if the following sentences are right or wrong. Correct them if necessary.

1. Have you ever been to Thailand? ...............................................................

2. I’ve had sausages for lunch at half past one. ........................................................
3. She’s enjoyed herself at the party last night. ........................................................
4. Tom has left school one year ago. ................................................................
5. My cousins have lived in Dublin since they’ve been children. .............................
6. We have worked here for a year and a half. .........................................................
7. My parents lived in Britain for a couple of years. ................................................
8. James has made a cake yesterday. …….............................................................

48
9. I’ve washed the car. It looks great now. ..........................................................

52 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: past simple or past continuous.

1. He ….. (sit) on the bank fishing when he ….. (see) a man’s hat floating down
the river. It ….. (seem) strangely familiar.
2. It ….. (snow) heavily when he ….. (wake) up. He ….. (remember) that Jack …..
(come) for lunch and ….. (decide) to go down to the station to meet him in case
he ….. (lose) his way in the snowy lanes.
3. When I ….. (reach) the street I ….. (realize) that I (not know) the number of
Tom’s house. I ….. (wonder) what to do about it when Tom himself ….. (tap)
me on the shoulder.
4. As the goalkeeper ….. (run) forward to seize the ball, a bottle ….. (strike) him
on the shoulder.
5. I ….. (look) through the classroom window. A geometry lesson ….. (go) on. The
teacher ….. (draw) diagrams on the blackboard.
6. Most of the boys ….. (listen) to the teacher but a few ….. (whisper) to each
other, and Tom ….. (read) a history book. Tom ….. (hate) mathematics. He
always ….. (read) history during his mathematics lesson.
7. Everyone ….. (read) quietly when suddenly the door ….. (burst) open and a
complete stranger ….. (rush) in.
8. I ….. (go) to Jack’s house but ….. (not find) him in. His mother ….. (say) that
she ….. (not know) what he ….. (do) but (think) he probably ….. (play) football.
9. This used to be a station and all the London trains ….. (stop) here. But two years
ago they ….. (close) the station and ….. (give) us a bus service instead.
10. I ….. (pick) up the receiver and ….. (dial) a number. To my surprise I ….. (find)
myself listening to an extraordinary conversation. Two men ….. (plan) to kidnap
the Prime Minister.
11. The train just ….. (start) when the door ….. (open) and two panting passengers

49
 ….. (leap) in.
12. ‘What (you do) ….. between 9.00 and 10.00 yesterday?’ ….. (say) the detective.
‒ ‘I ….. (clean) my house,’ said Mrs Jones. ‘I always clean my house on
Saturday mornings.’
13. My neighbour ….. (look) in last night and ….. (say) that he ….. (leave) the
district and ….. (go) to Yorkshire, to a new job. I ….. (say) that I ….. (be) very
sorry that he ….. (go), and ….. (tell) him to write to me from Yorkshire and tell
me how he ….. (get) on.
14. The dentist’s waiting room was full of people. Some ….. (read) magazines,
others just ….. (turn) over the pages. A woman ….. (knit); a child ….. (play)
with a toy car. Suddenly the door ….. (open) and the nurse ….. (say), ‘Next,
please.’
15. The house next to yours ….. (be) full of policemen and police dogs yesterday. ~
What ….. they ….. (do)? ~ I ….. (hear) that they ….. (look) for drugs. ~ …..
they ….. (find) any? ~ Yes, I believe one of the dogs ….. (discover) some
cannabis.
16. They ….. (build) that bridge when I ….. (be) here last year. They haven’t
finished it yet.

53 Put the verbs in brackets into present simple or past simple.

Yesterday Was a Bad Day for Jason Jones

1. He usually ….. (get up) early but yesterday he ….. (oversleep).
2. He usually ….. (have) breakfast but yesterday he ….. (not have) any breakfast.
3. He usually ….. (take) the bus to work but yesterday he ….. (take) a taxi.
4. He usually ….. (arrive) at work on time but yesterday he ….. (be) half an hour
late.
5. He usually ….. (sign) two or three contracts a day but yesterday he ….. (not
sign) any.

50
6. He usually ….. (make) a few phone calls in the morning but yesterday he …..
(make) about twenty.
7. He usually ….. (wear) a black suit but yesterday he ….. (wear) a grey one.
8. He usually ….. (spend) about $10 on food a day but yesterday he ….. (spend)
about $25.
9. He usually ….. (finish) work at about 6 p.m. but yesterday he ….. (have) to
work overtime.
10. He usually ….. (write) letters in the evenings but yesterday he ….. (not write)
any.
11. He usually ….. (come) back home at 7 p.m. and ….. (watch) TV till midnight
but yesterday he ….. (come) home at 9 p.m. and ….. (have) a shower.
12. He usually ….. (stay) up late but yesterday he ….. (go) to bed at 10 p.m.

54 Complete the sentences with a verb from the box in present perfect or past
simple.

be finish stop watch

not smoke enjoy win live

1. She ............... smoking two months ago.

2. She ............... for two months.
3. ......... you ever .......... to Florence?
4. ......... you ........... that TV show last night?
5. They still live in that town. They ............... there for ages.
6. A friend of mine ............... the lottery three years ago.
7. When ........... you ........... your homework?
8. They ............... themselves at the party last summer.

55 Put each verb into either past simple or present perfect simple.

51
1. I ……. (leave) some shoes here yesterday for repair. Are they ready? ‒ Sorry, I
……. (not mend) them yet.
2. How long (you stay) ……. in Paris last year? And (you enjoy) ……. it?
3. Would you like some cake? I ……. (buy) it this morning. − Thanks, but I …….
(just/have) my lunch.
4. I ……. (not be) to the theatre since I ……. (see) Hamlet in 1996.
5. I ……. (visit) Hungary ten years ago.
6. I can’t play football for a while because I ……. (break) my ankle.
7. When (you leave) ……. school? ‒ When I ……. (be) eighteen.
8. I ……. (not realise) that you and Ruth are friends. How long (you know) …….
her?
9. I ……. (leave) my bag on the train this morning.
10. The match can’t begin yet because the other team ……. (not arrive).
11. (you see) ……. my wallet? I’m sure I left it here on the desk.
12. When (you realize) ……. that you wanted to be a musician?
13. We (not play) ……. chess for ages. Do you feel like a game?
14. Sam (not take) ……. a day off since last April.
15. I (have) ……. an idea! Why don’t we go skating tomorrow?
16. I (like) ……. their last album, but I’m not keen on the new one.

56 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: past simple or present perfect.

1. Paul: I ……. (play) football since I ……. (be) five years old.
Tom: (you play) ……. since you ……. (come) to England?
Paul: Oh, yes. I ……. (play) quite a lot. I ……. (join) a club the day after I
……. (arrive).
2. Tom: (you play) ……. any matches?
Paul: We ……. (play) about ten. We have two more to play. We ……. (have) a
very good season, we ……. (win) all our matches so far, though we ……. really

52
 (not/deserve) to win the last one.
3. Tom: I ……. (play) football when I ……. (be) at school but when I …….
(leave) school I ……. (drop) it and ……. (take) up golf.
4. I ……. (ski) when I ……. (be) at the university, but I ……. (break) a leg five
years ago and since then I ……. (not/do) any.
5. Peter (meeting Ann at the airport): Hello, Ann. (you have) ……. a good trip?
Ann: The actual flight ……. (be) lovely, one of the best I ever ……. (have), but
it ……. (take) ages to get into the plane. First they ……. (think) that one of us
……. (be) a hijacker and they ……. (search) us all for firearms; then they …….
(announce) that one of the engines ……. (be) faulty. We finally ……. (take off)
an hour later.
6. Peter: How (you spend) ……. this extra hour before take-off?
Ann: Oh, they ……. (take) us to the restaurant and ……. (feed) us and we …….
(walk) about and ……. (buy) things we ……. (not need). The time ……. (pass)
all right.
7. Peter (meeting Paul unexpectedly in London): Hello, Paul! I ……. (not know)
you ……. (be) here.
Paul: Oh, I ……. (be) here nearly two months. I ……. (arrive) on the 6th of
January.
8. When I first ……. (come) to this house, it ……. (be) a very quiet area. But since
then a new housing estate ……. (be) built and it ……. (become) very noisy.
9. My son ……. (not start) work yet. He’s still at the High School. ~ How long he
……. (be) at school? ~ He ……. (be) at the High School for six years; before
that he ……. (spend) five years at the Primary School in Windmill Street.
10. This bicycle ……. (be) in our family for fourteen years. My father ……. (use) it
for the first five years, my brother ……. (ride) it for the next five, and I …….
(have) it for the last four.
11. (you / book)……. your hotel room yet? ~ Well, I ……. (write) to the hotel last
week but they ……. (not answer) yet.

53
12. I hear that your MP, Mr Simpson, ……. (make) a very clever speech last night.
How long he ……. (be) your MP? ~ Oh, we only ……. (have) him since
January. His predecessor Mr Alien ……. (resign) suddenly because of ill-health
and there ……. (be) a by-election.
13. I just ……. (hear) that Peter is in Australia. ~ Oh, (you not know) ……. ? He
……. (fly) out at the beginning of the month. ~ (you hear) ……. from him?
Does he like the life? ~ Yes, I ……. (get) a letter last week. He ……. (tell) me
about his job. But he ……. (not say) whether he ……. (like) the life or not.
Perhaps it’s too soon to say. He only ……. (be) there three weeks.
14. I ……. (not know) you ……. (be) left-handed. ~ I’m not left-handed; but my
oil-heater ……. (explode) yesterday and I ……. (burn) my right hand, so I have
to use my left.

57 Complete the text with the past simple, past continuous or past perfect simple
form of the verbs in brackets.

Mozart was born in 1756, the son of a professional musician. His father soon a (give
up) ……. composing when he recognized his son’s musical talent. By the age of
three, the young Mozart b (learn) ……. to play several pieces of music. While he and
his father c (travel) ……. round Europe, Mozart met many famous musicians and
composers. Before he was 17, he d (compose) ……. several operas. While he e (visit)
……. the Vatican in Rome, he f (listen) ……. to a piece of music which, up to this
point, the Vatican authorities g (keep) ……. secret. No one h (publish) ……. a copy
of the piece before, but Mozart i (manage) ……. to write it down from memory after
he j (listen) ……. to it once. By the age of 30 he k (become) ……. one of the most
famous composers in Europe, and l (have) ……. a large apartment in Vienna, which
is now a tourist attraction. It was here that he m (write) ……. his famous opera The
Marriage of Figaro. In 1791, while he n (work) ……. on his Requiem, he o (fall)
……. ill and died at the age of 35.

54
58 Complete the sentences with the past simple or past perfect simple form of the
verb in brackets.

a When I (try) ……. to use my laptop, I realized the battery (run) ……. down.
b I (turn) ……. the computer off, but forgot that I (not save) ……. my work.
c I only remembered I (not pay) ……. the bill when my Internet connection (stop)
……. working.
d When I (receive) ……. the e-mail, I couldn’t understand who (send) ……. it.
e When I (check) ……. the instructions, I understood what I (do) ……. .
f I knew I (receive) ……. a virus when I (run) ……. the anti-virus program.
g As soon as I (download) ……. the document, I knew I (make) ……. a mistake.
h I could see what (go) ……. wrong g as soon as I (look) ……. inside the printer.
i I knew I (press) ……. the wrong key when nothing (happen) ……. .
j When the screen (go) ……. blank, I couldn’t understand how it (happen) ……. .

59 Match the sentences with the correct description.

1 It was raining and the wind was
blowing.
2 He was exhausted because he had
been walking all day.
3 There was no juice left because
Jack had drunk it all.
4 She had finished by 8 o’clock.
5 The storm broke out after we had
been driving for four hours.
6 He got into the plane, started the
a past equivalent of the Present Perfect
b action in the middle of happening at a
stated past time
c past action which happened one after
the other
d action which is not connected with
the present and happened at a definite
past time not mentioned
e background description to events in a
story
f action continuing over a period up to

55
 engine and flew off into the
clouds.
7 The party had already started by
the time I arrived.
8 Elvis Presley died in 1977.
9 I was cycling to work when I fell
off the bike.
10 My grandmother met Winston
Churchill.
11 I was sleeping at 3 o’clock
yesterday afternoon.
12 She had been trying to find a job
in Hollywood for years.
a specific time in the past
g past equivalent of the Present Perfect
Continuous
h past action which occurred before
another action
i past action in progress interrupted by
another
j past action which occurred before a
stated time in the past
k event which happened at a stated past
time
l past action of certain duration which
had visible results in the past

60 Choose the correct form A, B or C to complete the sentences.

On 26 December 2004, Tilly Smith, a 10-year-old British schoolgirl, 1) …was

walking... on the beach with her family. They 2) ___ Christmas in Thailand.
Suddenly Tilly 3) ___ that something was wrong. She could see that the water 4) ___
and waves 5) ___ up the beach. The beach 6) ___ smaller and smaller. She 7) ___
that there had been an earthquake in Sumatra that morning, but she 8) ___ a
geography lesson she 9) ___ at school just two weeks before. So she 10) ___ her
mother what she 11) ___ about earthquakes and giant waves. Luckily for the Smith
family, Tilly's teacher Andrew Kearney 12) ___ the class about earthquakes and 13)
___ them a video of a tsunami in Hawaii. Tilly 14) ___ screaming at her parents to
get off the beach. They 15) ___ Tilly back to their hotel, which was not too close to
the shore, and 16) ___ the alarm. One of the staff, who was Japanese, 17) ___ the
word tsunami, and 18) ___ everyone to leave the beach. From their room on the third

56
floor, the Smiths 19) ___ the terrible effects of the tsunami on the area. Thanks to
Tilly, everybody from that beach 20) ___ that terrible day.

A B C
1. walked had walked was walking
2. spent had spent were spending
3. felt had felt was feeling
4. rose had risen was rising
5. came had come were coming
6. got had got was getting
7. did not know had not known was not knowing
8. suddenly remembered had remembered was suddenly
suddenly remembering
9. had had had was having
10. told had told was telling
11. learnt had learnt was learning
12. taught had taught was teaching
13. showed hadshown was showing
14. started had started was starting
15. took had taken were taking
16. raised had raised were raising
17. understood had understood was understanding
18. ordered had ordered was ordering
19. watched had watched were watching
20. survived had survived was surviving

61 Each of these sentences has a mistake in it. Write the correct sentence.

1. The hotel were very quiet.

…………………………………………………………………………………
57
2. It was peaceful, and the birds were sing.
…………………………………………………………………………………
3. I washed my hair when my phone rang.
…………………………………………………………………………………
4. You came not to the club last night.
…………………………………………………………………………………
5. It taked ages to get home.
…………………………………………………………………………………
6. We tried to keep quiet because the baby sleeping.
…………………………………………………………………………………
7. As I was watching him, the man was suddenly running away.
…………………………………………………………………………………
8. We pass a petrol station two minutes ago.
…………………………………………………………………………………
9. Everything was seeming OK.
…………………………………………………………………………………
10. Where bought you that bag?
…………………………………………………………………………………
11. When I heard the alarm, I was leaving the room immediately.
…………………………………………………………………………………

62 Put in the present perfect or present perfect continuous.

1. I ………………. these shoes for a year. (have)

2. How long …………. you ……………….? (wait)
3. It ………………. all day. (snow)
4. We ………………. this dog for years. (have)
5. Ann ………………. all day. (work)
6. John ………………. ill this week. (be)

58
7. How long ………… you ………………. Andrew? (know)

63 Put in the simple past or the past continuous.

1. While I …………………. down the road, I …………………. Bill. (walk, see)

2. While I …………………. the newspaper, the cat …………………. on to the
table. (read, jump)
3. Alan …………………. Helen while he …………………. in Morocco. (meet,
travel)
4. Sally …………………. her leg while she …………………. . (break, ski)
5. While I …………………., somebody …………………. my car. (shop, steal)

64 Put in present perfect and simple past verbs.

1. The cat …………………. your supper. She …………………. it off the table
when I was out. (eat, take)
2. Ann …………………. her job at the bank. She …………………. her boss.
(leave, not like)
3. I …………………. a beautiful dress. I …………………. it at Parker’s
yesterday. (buy, find)
4. Cathy and Sam …………………. their house. They …………………. a very
good price. (sell, get)
5. ‘Dad …………………. his glasses.’ ‘Where ……… he ………………….
them?’ ‘Under his pillow.’ (find, find)
6. Mrs Collins …………………. into hospital. She …………………. to the doctor
this morning, and he …………………. her straight in. (go, go, send)
7. Bill …………………. an accident. He …………………. off his bike last night.
(have, fall)
8. I …………………. from Jan. She …………………. us a postcard from Peru.

59
 (hear, send)
9. ‘I …………………. your mother about us.’ ‘What …… she
………………….?’ ‘She was very nice about it.’ (tell, say)
10. Two …………………. climbers in the Alps. They …………………. their way
in bad weather. (die, lose)
11. John and Sue …………………. yet. They …………………. the wrong train.
(not arrive, take)

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12 Future Forms

Future Simple Be going to Future Continuous Future Perfect

decisions taken at the actions intended to be actions in progress at actions which will
moment of speaking performed in the near a stated future time be finished before a
(on-the-spot future stated future time
decisions) e.g. He’ll be
e.g. She’s going to visit sunbathing in Hawaii e.g. She will have
e.g. Since it is getting her parents tomorrow. this time next week. come back by the end
dark, I’ll turn on the of July.
light.

hopes, fears, threats, planned actions or actions which are the NOTE: Until/till are
offers, promises, intentions results of a routine normally used with
warnings, (instead of Present Future Perfect only
predictions, requests, e.g. Now that they’ve Cont.) in negative
comments etc., esp. settled in their new sentences
with: expect, hope, house, they’re going to e.g. I’ll be seeing John
believe, I am sure, I have a party. tomorrow. (We work in e.g. She will have
am afraid, probably, the same office so we’ll finished by 8 o’clock.
etc. definitely meet). (not: until/till)

e.g. I’m afraid I’ll be a e.g. She won’t have

little late. finished until 8
o’clock.
actions or predictions evidence that when we ask politely
which may (not) something will about people’s
happen in the future definitely happen in arrangements to see if
the near future they can do smth for
e.g. She’ll probably us or because we want
buy the dress. e.g. Ann is going to to offer to do smth for
(prediction) have a baby. them
e.g. Look at the dark
or actions which we clouds in the sky! It’s e.g. Will you be going
cannot control and going to rain. to this supermarket?
will inevitably Can you buy me some
happen things we are sure tea?
about or we have
e.g. He will be ten next already decided to do
year. in the near future

things we are not e.g. He’s going to be

sure about or haven’t promoted. (The boss
decided to do yet has decided to do it).

e.g. She’ll probably be

promoted. (not sure
61
 yet)

NOTE: Shall can be

used with I and We in
questions, suggestions
and offers

e.g. Shall I help you

with that? (offer)

Future Perfect Present Simple Present Continuous

Continuous (future meaning) (future meaning)

duration of an action timetable/ fixed arrangement in

up to a certain time programmes the near future
in the future
e.g. Sally is seeing her
e.g. By the end of this e.g. The plane reaches dentist this week. (Sally
year she will have London at 9.45. has fixed an
been working here for arrangement).
two years.

Time expressions used with:

Future Simple & be tomorrow, tonight, next week / month, in two / three
going to days, the day after tomorrow, soon, in a week / month,
etc.
Future Perfect before, by, by then, by the time (until/till is used only in
negative sentences with this tense)
Future Perfect by … for
Continuous

NOTE: Present tenses (present simple, present continuous or present perfect) should
be used instead of future tenses in the conditional or time clauses:
e.g. You will be very surprised when you meet him. (not will meet)
e.g. He will not do anything unless you tell him to. (not will tell)

65 Put the verbs in brackets into future simple. Make the sentences interrogative

62
 and negative.

1. I …………….. (do) morning exercises.

2. He …………….. (work) at a factory.
3. She …………….. (sleep) after dinner.
4. We …………….. (work) part-time.
5. They …………….. (drink) tea every day.
6. Mike …………….. (be) a student.
7. Helen …………….. (have) a car.
8. My aunt …………….. (go) to Canada next summer.
9. It …………….. (be) difficult to remember everything.
10. Kate …………….. (be) ten tomorrow.
11. You …………….. (be) a good friend.
12. They …………….. (take) the matter to an English court.

66 Put the verbs into future continuous.

1. This time on Tuesday, Mary …………….. (sunbathe) on a beach in Italy.

2. This time next Monday, I …………….. (work) in a huge office in New York.
3. This time next year we …………….. (cross) the Pacific Ocean.
4. You’ll recognize Molly! She …………….. (wear) a pink hat.
5. Jack …………….. (fly) to Kenya tomorrow at this time.
6. What (you/do) …………….. tomorrow evening?
7. This time on Friday I …………….. (lie) on the beach.
8. Don’t ring Greg up at 10am. He …………….. (have) his music lesson.
9. The boys of our team …………….. (play) football tomorrow morning.
10. From 7 till 12 I …………….. (have) classes.
11. I …………….. (work) in my study library at 6 p.m. tomorrow.

63
67 Put the verbs in brackets into the future continuous and will + infinitive.

1. Jack usually gives me a lift home, but we both …………….. (come) home by
train tomorrow as his car is being repaired.
2. He says he …………….. (meet) us at the bus stop, but I’m sure he
…………….. (forget) to turn up.
3. I wonder what I …………….. (do) this time next year. ~ I expect you still
…………….. (work) at the same office.
4. I’d like to double-glaze the bedroom windows. ~ All right. I …………….. (get)
the materials at once and we …………….. (do) it this weekend.
5. Wait a bit. Don’t drink your tea without milk. The milkman ……………..
(come) in a minute.
6. What are you doing next weekend? ~ Oh, I …………….. (work) as usual. I’m
always on duty at weekends.
7. Air hostess: We …………….. (take) off in a few minutes. Please fasten your
seat belts.
8. He …………….. (come) if you ask him.
9. I arranged to play tennis with Tom at nine tonight. ~ But you ……………..
(play) in semi-darkness. You won’t be able to see the ball.

68 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: present simple, present
continuous, future simple.

1. Ann …………….. (look) for a bed-sitter. She …………….. (see) an

advertisement in the local paper and …………….. (ring) up Mrs Smith, the
owner of the house. Mrs Smith …………….. (answer) the phone.
2. Ann: Good afternoon. I …………….. (ring) about the room you advertised.
Mrs Smith: Oh, yes.
3. Ann: The advertisement …………….. (say) ‘Share bathroom and kitchen’. How

64
 many other people …………….. (use) the bathroom and kitchen?
4. Mrs Smith: Only one other − an Italian girl. And she …………….. (use) the
kitchen very little. She …………….. (eat) out most of the time. I ……………..
(not think) she …………….. (like) cooking.
5. Ann: That …………….. (suit) me all right. I …………….. (like) cooking. But
how …………….. (we/arrange) about paying for the gas we …………….. (use)
in the kitchen?
6. Mrs Smith: The rent …………….. (include) gas for cooking, also hot water and
light. But it …………….. (not include) heating. Each room has its own fire and
meter.
7. Ann: I …………….. (see). And …….. the room …………….. (face) the front
or the back?
8. Mrs Smith: It …………….. (face) the front. It …………….. (look) out on the
garden square; and it …………….. (get) a lot of sun.
9. Ann: That …………….. (sound) very nice. Could I come and see it this
evening?
Mrs Smith: Yes, the earlier the better.
10. Ann: ……. 7 p.m. …………….. (suit) you? I …………….. (not be able to)
come before that as I usually …………….. (not get) away from the office till 6
p.m.

69 Write these sentences, putting the verbs into the future simple or present simple.

1. I …………….. (give) it to them when they …………….. (visit) us.

2. I …………….. (not send) the parcel until I …………….. (hear) from you.
3. As soon as they …………….. (phone) me, I …………….. (contact) you.
4. I …………….. (see) you before I …………….. (fly) to Paris.
5. They …………….. (send) you the money before they …………….. (leave).
6. When I …………….. (talk) to him, I …………….. (give) him your news.

65
7. She …………….. (visit) her parents before she …………….. (go) to the airport.
8. I …………….. (finish) this when I …………….. (be) at the office.
9. I …………….. (send) you a postcard when I …………….. (get) to Bermuda.
10. She …………….. (do) her homework before she …………….. (go) out.
11. After I …………….. (visit) the hospital, I …………….. (go) and see her
parents.
12. I …………….. (phone) Mary when we …………….. (get) to San Francisco.
13. I …………….. (call) you as soon as we …………….. (sign) the contract.

70 Put the verbs in brackets into ‘be going to’ and ‘will + infinitive’.

1. We bought our new garage in sections and we …………….. (assemble) it

ourselves. ~ That sounds rather interesting. I …………….. (come) and help you
if you like.
2. Why do you want all the furniture out of the room? ~ Because I ……………..
(shampoo) the carpet. It’s impossible to do it unless you take everything off it
first.
3. Here are the matches: but what do you want them for? ~ I …………….. (make)
a bonfire at the end of the garden; I want to burn that big heap of rubbish. ~
Well, be careful. If the fire gets too big it …………….. (burn) the apple trees.
4. Have you decided on your colour scheme? ~ Oh yes, and I’ve bought the paint. I
…………….. (paint) this room blue and the sitting room green.
5. Why are you asking everyone to give you bits of material? ~ Because I
…………….. (make) a patchwork quilt.
6. I wonder if Ann knows that the time of the meeting has been changed. ~
Probably not. I …………….. (look) in on my way home and tell her. I’m glad
you thought of it.
7. Leave a note for them on the table and they …………….. (see) it when they
come in.

66
8. I’m afraid I’m not quite ready. ~ Never mind. I …………….. (wait).
9. Do you have to carry so much stuff on your backs? ~ Yes, we do. We
…………….. (camp) out and …………….. (cook) our own meals, so we have
carry a lot.

71 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: present continuous or the future
simple.

1. Tom: Where …………….. (you/go) for your next holiday? (Where have you
arranged to go?)
Ann: I don’t know yet but we probably …………….. (go) to Spain.
2. We …………….. (have) a drink with Peter tonight. (He has invited us.) It’s his
last night; he …………….. (leave) tomorrow.
3. Ann: Do you think we …………….. (see) Bill tomorrow?
Mary: I hope so. He probably …………….. (look) in on his way to the airport.
4. I …………….. (see) my bank manager tomorrow. (I have arranged this.). I’m
going to ask him for a loan but I expect he …………….. (refuse).
5. I …………….. (know) the result tomorrow. As soon as I hear, I ……………..
(tell) you.
6. Jack’s mother: Jack …………….. (be) ready in a moment. He is just finishing
breakfast.
Jack’s father: If I wait for him any longer I …………….. (miss) my train. I
think I …………….. (walk) on; he probably …………….. (catch) me up.
7. I probably …………….. (come) to London some time next month. I
…………….. (give) you a ring nearer the time and tell you when I
…………….. (come). (when I have decided/arranged to come)
8. Hotel Porter: You …………….. (get) a parking ticket if you leave your car
there, sir. If you …………….. (stay) the night (have arranged to stay) you
…………….. (have to) put it in the hotel garage.

67
 Tourist: All right. I …………….. (move) it as soon as I’ve arranged about a
room.
9. Peter: We’d better leave a message for Jack. Otherwise he …………….. (not
know) where we’ve gone.
George: All right. I …………….. (leave) a note on his table.

72 Put the verbs into future perfect.

1. I …………….. (be) a Londoner for five and a half years by next September.
2. By Tuesday Jill …………….. (finish) these novels by O’Henry.
3. Molly thinks the film …………….. (start) by the time she gets to Fred’s.
4. They …………….. (finish) the plans by then.
5. The train …………….. (leave) by the time the couple get to the station.
6. Fernando …………….. (have) his operation by August and should be much
fitter.
7. I …………….. (cook) dinner by then.
8. Johnny …………….. (translate) this document by 7 o’clock.
9. Steven …………….. (learn) his lesson by tomorrow.
10. Helen …………….. (make) this awesome doll by her daughter’s birthday.

73 Fill in by or until.

1. Have they built their house yet? − No, they won’t have built it …………………
the end of May.
2. What time will you have finished painting your room? − I will have finished
………………… 7 o’clock, I hope.
3. Are you seeing Julie tonight? − No, I will have left ………………… the time
she gets here.
4. Will you have done your homework ………………… tomorrow? − No, I won’t

68
 have done it ………………… Friday.
5. She’ll have saved enough money to buy a car ………………… Christmas.
6. I’ll have worked here for ten years ………………… the end of the month.
7. We won’t have built the shed ………………… Friday.
8. She’ll have finished cooking ………………… the time the guests arrive.

74 Make sentences using future perfect.

1. have / Jill / she / perfected / will / from / her / by the time / Japanese / comes /
Tokyo.
2. promotion /Melody / have / By December / will / her / received.
3. gets home / Helen’s / cleaned / By the time / relatives / she / will / the house /
have.
4. to communicate / Steven / he / learned / Will / have / well / Chinese / before /
enough / flies to Beijing?
5. finishes / have / By the time / twenty / taken / Jillian’s father / that course / he /
will / online tests.

75 Put the verbs into future perfect or future perfect continuous.

1. They ………………… (build) the airport by April.

2. The speaker ………………… (present) his project for 4 hours by 6 o’clock.
3. When I retire I ………………… (work) here for 30 years.
4. We ………………… (decorate) the Christmas tree before the children come
back.
5. By 2020 we ………………… (move) to a new house.
6. By August the kids ………………… (stay) at the camp for a fortnight.
7. I think we ………………… (launch) our new product by the end of December.
8. Greg ………………… (plant) the trees for 8 hours by midnight.

69
9. The workers ………………… (deliver) the sofa before we leave.
10. She ………………… (drive) the car for more than 6 hours when we cross the
border.

76 Put the verbs in brackets into future perfect or future perfect continuous.

1. By 7.00 p.m. they ………………… (play) cricket for 8 hours.

2. I ………………… (finish) painting your room by the time you get home.
3. By the end of next month I ………………… (live) in London for exactly three
years.
4. Tom ………………… (write) his third novel by the end of this year.
5. By the time he arrives in London, John ………………… (drive) for five hours.
6. This film ………………… (probably/not/finish) until midnight.
7. Don’t worry! You ………………… (forget) all about it by this time next year.
8. How long ………………… (you/study) English by the end of this term?
9. I ………………… (read) this book by tomorrow night.
10. By Friday I ………………… (work) on this project for two weeks.
11. Hopefully, he …………………… (cook) dinner for us by the time we get home.
12. He hopes he ……………………. (make) a million pounds by the time he is
thirty.
13. By 5 o’clock I ………………………. (do) this crossword puzzle for three
hours.

77 Match the following sentences with the correct tense description.

1 Look out! That dog is going to a fixed arrangement in the near future
bite you.
2 I’ll be flying to Morocco this time b action which will be finished before a
tomorrow. stated future time

70
 3 She is worried that he’ll be angry. c timetable
4 By 11 o’clock she’ll have been d fear about the future
waiting for five hours.
5 The London train arrives at 4.45. e evidence that something will
definitely happen in the near future
6 I’m seeing my bank manager this f future intention
morning.
7 When I’m older, I’m going to g action in progress at a stated future
learn to drive. time
8 I think I’ll make some tea. Do you h duration of an action up to a certain
want some? time in the future
9 He’ll have finished by tomorrow i action intended to be performed in the
afternoon. near future
10 Will you be going into town j on-the-spot decision
today?
11 I’m sure he’ll pass the test. k something we are not sure about yet
12 She’ll probably come early. l polite enquiry about people’s
arrangements
13 I’m going to buy a new car m prediction
tomorrow.

78 Translate into English using future perfect or future perfect continuous.

1. Майкл закончит этот отчет до завтра.

2. Студенты доделают работу к трем часам по полудню.
3. Строители построят школу к началу сентября.
4. К июню мы сдадим сессию.
5. Когда наша дочь пойдет в школу, мы уже будем жить в этом городе 10 лет.
6. Я напишу заявление к тому времени, как приедет секретарь.

71
7. Поезд уйдет, пока мы доберемся до станции.
8. Зоя переведет этот доклад к понедельнику.
9. В конце месяца будет 5 лет, как я учу китайский.
10. К ночи Меган переведет эту длинную статью.
11. Стивен уже уедет в Париж, когда Молли вернется из Конго.
12. К тому времени, как Майкл закончит колледж, его отец проработает в
Боливии два года.
13. Дорис не дочитает эту дурацкую книгу к концу года.
14. Я буду писать третий портрет к тому времени, как Молли вернется.

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 PROGRESS TEST 1

A Choose the correct answer.

1. ……. did Susie leave home?

A How long B How long ago C While
2. ….... to Mike today?
A Will you be B Will you have C Will you have been
speaking spoken speaking
3. I ….... my work by 4 o’clock, so I went home.
A had finished B was finishing C will have finished
4. I haven’t played tennis ….... I was at school.
A for B since C just
5. Jessica Blake ….... her first novel when she was twenty.
A wrote B was written C had written
6. I ….... to the supermarket. Do you need anything?
A go B will go C am going
7. The athlete ..….. for hours and he needed a rest.
A had trained B was training C had been training
8. Mark ….... a lot of overtime these days. He must need the money.
A works B is working C worked
9. She ….... a film when the telephone rang.
A was watching B has watched C has been watching
10. I haven’t been to the library ….... .
A yet B until C just
11. I ……. you to the fair unless you behave yourselves.
A won’t be taking B won’t take C won’t have taken
12. Janice ….... very quiet today. I wonder what’s wrong.

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 A be B is being C will have been
13. The meeting ….... at nine o’clock. Don’t be late.
A started B is starting C starts
14. ‘How long ….... Tony?’ ‘Since we were children.’
A did you know B have you known C do you know
15. The taxi ….... here soon. Are you ready?
A will be B is C will have been
16. Robert ….... the same bus every morning.
A is catching B catches C caught
17. When ..….. that bag?
A have you bought B had you bought C did you buy
18. My suitcase ….... ten kilos.
A weighs B is weighing C was weighing
19. The accident ….... last week.
A has happened B happened C happens
20. ….... your flat yet?
A Were you selling B Have you sold C Did you sell
21. My bank alerted me last week there was no money in my account. I ….... it all.
A spent B had spent C was spending
22. I’ve got my key. I found it when I ….... for something else.
A looked B was looking C have looked
23. There’s a new road to the motorway. They ….... it yesterday.
A had opened B opened C have opened
24. I’m trying to move this cupboard, but it’s very heavy. – Well, I ..….. you, then.
A will help B help C am going to help
25. Could I have a word with you, please? – Sorry, I’m in a big hurry. My train
….... in 15 minutes.
A is going to leave B leaves C will leave

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B Decide which word is correct.

26. I’d like to borrow this book. Has Anne read it ….... ?
A for B just C yet
27. Ben writes very quickly. He’s ….... finished his essay.
A already B for C yet
28. What are you going to do? – I don’t know. I haven’t decided ….... .
A yet B since C just
29. Have you ….... done any skiing?
A ever B for C just
30. My boyfriend hasn’t visited me ….... week.
A this B last C since
31. I haven’t seen that coat before. How ….... have you had it?
A for B already C long
32. The girls have ….... to the cinema. They won’t be back until ten o’clock.
A already B been C gone
33. I haven’t seen my parents ….... last Christmas.
A since B before C for
34. This is the first ….... I’ve ever lived away from home.
A already B time C since
35. This programme must be new. I’ve ..….. seen it before.
A ever B never C since

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13 The Passive

When we use an active verb, we say what the subject does:

e.g. My grandfather was a builder. He built this house in 1935.
When we use a passive verb, we say what happens to the subject.
e.g. This house is quite old. It was built in 1935.
The Passive is formed by using the appropriate tense of the verb to be + Past Participle
(Ved / III).

Simple Continuous Perfect

am/is/are + PP am/is/are + being + PP have/has + been + PP

Present

e.g. Cars are repaired. e.g. The car is being repaired. e.g. The car has been repaired.
was/were + PP was/were + being + PP had been + PP
Past

e.g. The car was e.g. The car was being e.g. The car had been repaired.
repaired. repaired.
will be + PP will have been + PP
Future

—
e.g. The car will be e.g. The car will have been
repaired. repaired.

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 Tense Active Voice Passive Voice

Present Simple They discuss problems. Problems are discussed.

Present Continuous They are discussing the problem. The problem is being discussed.
Past Simple They discussed the problem. The problem was discussed.
Past Continuous They were discussing the problem. The problem was being discussed.
Future Simple They will discuss the problem. The problem will be discussed.
Present Perfect They have discussed the problem. The problem has been discussed.
Past Perfect They had discussed the problem. The problem had been discussed.
Future Perfect They will have discussed the The problem will have been discussed.
problem.
Going to They are going to discuss the The problem is going to be discussed.
problem.
Present Infinitive They will have to discuss the The problem will have to be discussed.
problem.
Perfect Infinitive They ought to have discussed the The problem ought to have been
problem. discussed.
Gerund He wants them discussing the They want the problem being discussed
problem at once. at once.
Perfect Gerund Having discussed the problem, … The problem, having been discussed, …
Modals + be + PP You must discuss the problem. The problem must be discussed.

The Passive is used:

1. When the agent (the person who does the action) is unknown, unimportant or
obvious from the context.
e.g. My car was stolen yesterday. (unknown agent)
e.g. The road repairs were completed last week. (unimportant agent)
e.g. The kidnappers have been arrested. (by the police – obvious agent).

2. To make statements more polite or formal.

e.g. My new suit has been burnt. (it’s more polite than saying “You’ve burnt my new
suit.”)

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3. When the action is more important than the agent – as in news reports, formal
notices, instructions, processes, headlines, advertisements etc.
e.g. Taking pictures is not allowed. (written notice)
e.g. The local bank was robbed this morning. (news report)
e.g. Bread is baked in an oven for about 45 minutes. (process)

4. To put emphasis on the agent.

e.g. The Tower of London was built by William the Conqueror.

NOTE:
We use the Passive only with transitive verbs (verbs which take an object).
e.g. They built that castle in 1600. That castle was built in 1600.

79 Look at the following pairs of sentences. Is there any difference in meaning

between the pairs of sentences? Which sentence in each pair sounds more
natural?

1. a They will make a statement in Parliament tomorrow.

b A statement will be made in Parliament tomorrow.
2. a Someone murdered a man outside his house in Newgate last night.
b A man was murdered outside his house in Newgate last night.
3. a Ordinary criminals do not commit a good many murders.
b A good many murders are not committed by ordinary criminals.
4. a They do not accept ignorance of the law as an excuse for breaking it.
b Ignorance of the law is not accepted as an excuse for breaking it.

The agent is introduced with “by” (to say who or what did the action) or “with”
(to say what instrument or material the agent used):
e.g. He was knocked down by the lorry. (The lorry did the action.)

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e.g. The door was locked by the man with a key. (The key is the instrument the agent
used.)
e.g. The cake was made with flour, sugar and eggs. (They are the materials the agent
used.)

80 Fill in ‘by’ or ‘with’.

1. The window was broken …with… a hammer.

2. He was knocked down ….. a car.
3. The lion was shot ….. a rifle.
4. That novel was written ….. D. H. Lawrence.
5. The garden was dug ….. a spade.
6. The city was attacked ….. the enemy.
7. The pudding was made ….. fruit and chocolate.
8. He was hit ….. a handbag.
9. The picture was painted ….. Jackson Pollack.
10. The house was built ….. wood and bricks.
11. The victim was struck from behind ….. a heavy object.
12. The house was built ….. money that David borrowed from the bank.

81 Fill in ‘by’ or ‘with’.

1. Most children are strongly influenced ...by... their parents.

2. The jam sandwiches were made ….. white bread.
3. Jake was dismissed ….. his boss.
4. The show was presented ….. Mr Jones.
5. The parcels were tied ….. string.
6. The meal was eaten ….. chopsticks.
7. The football fans were observed ….. the police.

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8. My hair was cut ….. a top stylist.
9. The goal was scored ….. Liverpool’s youngest player.
10. The beds were made up ….. clean sheets.
11. The song was performed ….. Madonna.
12. This awful mess was made ….. Carol’s dog.
13. The supermarket trolley was filled ….. cat food.
14. After the rugby match, Jim’s shorts were covered ….. mud.
15. I’m afraid these windows weren’t cleaned ….. warm water.

82 What happens to a car when it is taken for a service? Look at the prompts and
make sentences using the Present Simple passive, as in the example.

1. the oil / change

The oil is changed.
2. the brakes / test
3. the filters / replace
4. air / put / in the tyres
5. the battery / check
6. the lights / test
7. broken parts / repair
8. it / take / for a test drive
9. the radiator / fill / with water

83 Put each verb in brackets into the Present Simple Passive.

1. English ……………………………. (speak) in many countries.

2. Paper ……………………………. (make) from wood.
3. ……………………………. (the building/use) anymore?
4. English ……………………………. (speak) all over the world.

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5. How ……………………………. (your name/spell)?
6. My salary ……………………………. (pay) every month.
7. These cars ……………………………. (not make) in Japan.
8. Books ……………………………. (write) by authors.
9. His travel expenses ……………………………. (not pay) by his company.

84 Put each verb in brackets into the Present Simple Passive.

1. This programme ……………………………. (watch) by millions of people.

2. The post ……………………………. (deliver) at about 7 o’clock every morning.
3. Hundreds of people ……………………………. (kill) in accidents every year.
4. London ……………………………. (visit) by thousands of tourists every year.
5. The biology class ……………………………. (teach) by Mr Green.
6. How often ……………………………. the Olympic Games (hold)?
7. Lunch ……………………………. (serve) at twelve o’clock.
8. The names of the people who committed the crime ……………………….. (not
know).

85 Put each verb in brackets into the Past Simple Passive.

1. My car ……………………………. (repair) last week.

2. The film ……………………………. (make) ten years ago.
3. The original building ……………………………. (pull) down in 1965.
4. The car ……………………………. (not damage) in the accident.
5. When ……………………………. (tennis/invent)?
6. Where ……………………………. (this pot/make)?
7. When ……………………………. (this bridge/build)?
8. ……………………………. (the phone/answer) by a young girl?

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86 Put each verb in brackets into the Past Simple Passive.

Two men ……………………………. (see) breaking into a house in my street last

night. The police ……………………………. (call) and they arrived very quickly.
One man ……………………………. (catch) immediately. The other escaped, but he
……………………………. (find) very soon. Both men …………………………….
(take) to the police station where they ……………………………. (question)
separately by a police officer. The two men ……………………………. (charge) with
burglary.

87 Complete these sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Continuous
Passive.

1. What’s the problem? The film …………………………… today. (NOT SHOW)

2. I can’t use my PC. A new operating system …………………………… on it.
(INSTALL)
3. I’m sorry, it’s 10 o’clock. Customers …………………………… anymore.
(NOT SERVE)
4. Look at that! A new supermarket …………………………… in this street.
(BUILD)
5. You can’t see the horses, they …………………………… now. (FEED)
6. Wait a minute please. The dinner …………………………… for you.
(PREPARE)
7. Your car will be ready soon. It …….. just …………………………… (WASH)
8. Because of the fire children …………………………… at their classrooms.
(NOT TEACH)
9. Christmas is coming and much more goods …………………………… in shops.
(DISPLAY)

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88 Use these words to make the sentences in the Present Continuous Passive.

1. make | at the moment | your coffee

2. by cars | nowadays | big cities | block
3. grow | in the garden | flowers | now
4. right now | in prison | keep | the man
5. much pollute | by smoke | air | at this time of the year
6. cut down | just now | on this planet | millions of trees
7. use | for this shot | a different camera
8. in the cinema | today | show | two films
9. the economy | by consumer spending | this year | drive
10. do | about it | these days | nothing

89 Make questions in the Present Continuous Passive to complete the conversations.

Use the words in brackets.

1. A: The entrance hall at the railway station is closed.

B: Why? ………………………………………… ? (it − reconstruct)
2. A: Why ………………………………………… off the ground? (the car − lift)
B: Because it must be towed away.
3. A: Our house has been burgled three times this month!
B: Really ………………………………………… by the police now? (it −
guard)
4. A: All the main roads in our town are in bad condition.
B: How much ………………………………………… on the roads this year?
(money − spend)
5. A: We’ll have a new theatre till the end of this year.
B: By the way, why ………………………………………… ? (the old theatre −
pull down)

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6. A: Oh, no! ………………………………………… again? (this film − show)
B: Do you mean it? We watched it last week.
7. A: Why ………………………………………… ? (all the trees − cut down)
B: Because they are too old.
8. A: Excuse me. ………………………………………… ? (my parcel − deliver)
B: Yes, it is. It will arrive in the afternoon.
9. A: They aren’t playing anymore.
B: Why? ………………………………………… off the field? (the injured
player − carry)
10. A: Where ………………………………………… now? (our valuables − keep)
B: In a hotel safe.

90 Helen and Chris moved house two years ago. Yesterday, they drove past their old
house and saw that it looked very different. Describe the changes using the
Present Perfect Simple passive, as in the example.

1. the outside walls / paint

The outside walls have been painted.
2. new windows / put in
3. a garden pond / make
4. A new exterior door / buy
5. the trees / cut down
6. a lot of flowers / plant
7. the old gate / replace

91 Mrs Edison is a businesswoman. She was away on a business trip but now she is
back. She wants to know what has been done while she was away. Use the
prompts and ask and answer questions, as in the example.

84
1. they / deliver / my new desk? (No)
A: Have they delivered my new desk?
B: No, it hasn’t been delivered yet.
2. you / post / the invitations? (Yes)
3. they / repair / the photocopier? (Yes)
4. you / type / last month’s reports? (No)
5. you / place / advertisement in the newspaper? (No)
6. you / pay / the bills? (Yes)

92 Put each verb in brackets into the Passive in an appropriate tense.

1. In England there used to be some felonies and misdemeanors which

…………………… (punish) really strictly.
2. The Supreme Court …………………… (divide) into two branches: the High
Court and the Court of Appeal.
3. The capital punishment …………………… (abolish) in Britain after World War
II.
4. The Common Court of Appeal …………………… (establish) after the Napoleon
Wars.
5. In one of the elements of the British Parliament – the House of Lords – the
business …………………… (conduct) by 80 or 100 of the hereditary peers,
though there are 850 of them.
6. The members of the House of Commons …………………… (summon) by the
Sovereign, but (to elect) by a universal suffrage (всеобщее избирательное
право).
7. The bill …………………… (reject) by Parliament.
8. The group of close advisors to the Sovereign …………………… (call) the Privy
Council (Тайный Совет).

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93 Fill in the Past Continuous Passive or the Past Perfect Passive.

1. They didn’t leave the restaurant until the bill ………………… (pay).
2. I couldn’t go to my favourite café for a drink. It ………………… (redecorate).
3. He ………………… (take) to the hospital when the ambulance crashed.
4. The search was called off. The escaped criminal ………………… (find).
5. When I looked for my television set I couldn’t find it. I had forgotten it
………………… (repair).
6. By the time I returned from work, my new washing machine …………………
(deliver).
7. I didn’t go to her party because I ………………… (not invite).

94 Write sentences in the passive as in the example:

1. The floor / not clean / yet

The floor hasn’t been cleaned yet.
2. The politician / interview / now
……………………………………………………………….
3. The Mona Lisa / paint / Leonardo da Vinci
……………………………………………………………….
4. My flat / burgle / last night
……………………………………………………………….
5. All tickets / sell / before we got there
……………………………………………………………….
6. The dog / not feed / yet
……………………………………………………………….
7. The presents / wrap / now
……………………………………………………………….
8. The prizes / award / President / tomorrow

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 ……………………………………………………………….
9. Tea / grow / India
……………………………………………………………….
10. The prisoners / take / to prison / now
……………………………………………………………….

95 The words and phrases in bold in each sentence are wrong. Write the correct
word or phrase.

1. Every year, several prizes are giving to the best students.

2. When the pizza was delivering, it was cold.
3. You will be telling when you can come in.
4. That song doesn’t played on the radio very often, is it?
5. Your money was stealing out of your bag?
6. We haven’t allowed to use a dictionary in the exam yesterday.
7. That film won’t have shown in our local cinema for a long time.
8. I will be picked up from the station on Saturday?

Changing from active into passive

The object of the active verb becomes the subject in the passive sentence. The active
verb changes into a passive form and the subject of the active sentence becomes an
agent. The agent can be used (if it adds information) or omitted (if it does not add
information).

Subject Verb Object Agent

Active Bell invented the telephone.
Passive The telephone was invented by Bell.

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 Active This girl doesn’t send e-mails.
Passive E-mails aren’t sent by this girl.

96 Use the Present Simple Passive to rewrite these sentences.

1. We use this room for our guests.

This room ……………………………………………………..
2. They don’t feed the lions at the zoo every day.
The lions at the zoo ……………………………………………………..
3. Too many emails stress people.
……………………………………………………..
4. My parents don’t give me any pocket money.
……………………………………………………..
5. Poachers kill hundreds of tigers every year.
……………………………………………………..
6. Most African governments protect rhinos.
……………………………………………………..
7. They don’t make these cars in Japan.
……………………………………………………..
8. Students at this course do a lot of homework.
……………………………………………………..
9. They open the bottle with this opener.
……………………………………………………..

97 Use the Present Continuous Passive to rewrite these sentences.

1. I am afraid that somebody else is using my laptop.

I am afraid that my ……………………………………………………..
2. They aren’t feeding the lions at the moment.

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 The …………………………………………………….. at the moment.
3. Someone is speaking Spanish in this classroom.
Spanish …………………………………………………….. in this classroom.
4. The red light is on because doctors are operating a patient.
The red light is on because a ……………………………………………………..
5. They are putting books on shelves.
Books …………………………………………………….. on shelves.
6. Look, they are killing the ants.
Look, the ……………………………………………………..
7. Can you see that? The policemen are chasing a robber.
Can you see that? A ……………………………………………………..
8. I don’t know why they aren’t cutting the trees today.
I don’t know why the …………………………………………………….. today.
9. They are writing a test in this lesson.
A …………………………………………………….. in this lesson.
10. They aren’t decorating the hall because Sam is ill.
The …………………………………………………….. because Sam is ill.

98 Use the Past Simple Passive to rewrite these sentences.

1. We used this car for our trips.

This car ……………………………………………………..
2. They didn’t clean the bird cages.
The bird cages ……………………………………………………..
3. They didn’t tell us what to do.
……………………………………………………..
4. IT companies increased profits.
……………………………………………………..
5. They didn’t bring this laptop from Japan.

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 ……………………………………………………..
6. Cars killed a lot of pedestrians.
……………………………………………………..
7. The police did a lot.
……………………………………………………..
8. Too many tourists annoyed me.
……………………………………………………..
9. He cut the branch with the knife.
……………………………………………………..

99 Use the Present Perfect Passive to rewrite these sentences.

1. We haven’t checked your car yet.

Your car ……………………………………………………..
2. They have not done anything about it so far.
Nothing ……………………………………………………..
3. Someone has cut this tree with this saw.
……………………………………………………..
4. Too many people have used the same methods.
……………………………………………………..
5. Children have eaten all the biscuits.
……………………………………………………..
6. They haven’t asked us to give them a hand.
……………………………………………………..
7. They haven’t built the new bridge yet.
……………………………………………………..
8. Charities in this country have done a lot of good work.
……………………………………………………..
9. My classmates have decorated our classroom.

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 ……………………………………………………..
10. Property developers have bought this land.
……………………………………………………..

100 Use the Future Passive Voice to rewrite these sentences.

1. We will deliver your parcel as soon as possible. Your parcel …………………

2. So many presents will surprise her. ……………………………………………
3. Hunters will shoot more and more wolves. …………………………………….
4. He won’t tell us to go away. ……………………………………………………
5. They won’t polish the wooden floor. …………………………………………..
6. I hope the wind will not blow away our tent. …………………………………..
7. Little Jane will draw the picture. ……………………………………………….
8. They’ll show the film at 8 o’clock. …………………………………………….
9. Your grandma will read the story. ……………………………………………...
10. We’ll cut the grass by a hand mower. ………………………………………….

101 Rewrite these sentences in the passive.

e.g. He buys cars. Cars are bought.

1. He bought cars.
2. He has bought cars.
3. He will buy cars.
4. He is buying cars.
5. She writes poems.
6. She wrote poems.
7. She has written poems.
8. She will write poems.
9. She is writing poems.

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10. They sell books.
11. They sold books.
12. They have sold books.
13. They will sell books.
14. They are selling books.
15. I eat cheese.
16. I am eating cheese.
17. I ate cheese.
18. I have eaten cheese.
19. I will eat cheese.

102 Rewrite these sentences beginning with the words provided.

1. The manager always welcomes new employees.

New employees …are always welcomed by the manager… .
2. They’re building a new supermarket near the church.
A new supermarket ……………………………………………………. .
3. They fought the battle in 1623.
The battle ……………………………………………………. .
4. Someone has moved my desk!
My desk ……………………………………………………. .
5. They are taking the refugees to a camp outside the village.
The refugees ……………………………………………………. .
6. Someone had signed all the documents before I arrived.
All the documents ……………………………………………………. .
7. They were questioning us and searching our vehicle at the same time.
We …………………………… and our vehicle ……………………………. .
8. They will post our letters when the ship arrives at the next port of call.
Our letters ……………………………………………………. .

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9. They are opening the case again because they’re not satisfied with the verdict.
The case ……………………………………………………. .

103 Rewrite each sentence in the passive, omitting the words underlined.

1. Lots of people had parked their cars on the pavement.

2. The government agreed with the report and so they changed the law.
3. Someone has stolen the valuable jewels.
4. They are monitoring the whole area with TV cameras.
5. They had left the lights on.
6. Someone had warned her that she might lose her job.
7. The waitress serves breakfast at 7 a.m.
8. A burglar broke into our house last week.
9. People asked me the way three times.
10. The fruit-pickers pick the apples early in the morning.

104 Turn from Active into Passive.

1. An expert is restoring the antique car.

The antique car is being restored by an expert.
2. Steven Spielberg has directed a lot of successful films.
3. The judge has fined him £300.
4. A number of reporters will meet the professor at the airport.
5. A famous designer is going to redecorate the President’s house.
6. The Romans founded Bath in the first century A.D.
7. A nightmare woke Mary up.
8. The Muslims celebrate Ramadan.
9. Van Gogh painted “Sunflowers”.
10. Astronauts are exploring space.

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105 Make the sentences passive. Use the ‘by’-agent only if it is necessary.

1. Shakespeare wrote ‘Hamlet’.

2. A drunken motorist knocked her down.
3. They have arrested her for shoplifting.
4. Liverpool beat Manchester 3-0 yesterday.
5. They are repairing your car now.
6. People in Chile speak Spanish.
7. The Chinese invented paper.
8. Has anybody asked Peter?
9. You need hops to make beer.
10. My mother made this ring.

106 Change from the Active into the Passive. Omit the agent where it can be omitted.

1. Thousands of British tourists will visit Spain this summer.

2. The teacher sent him out of the classroom.
3. The police are questioning him now.
4. Someone has made a complaint.
5. The lawyer is preparing some important documents for the trial.
6. They are building a new amusement park in this neighbourhood.
7. Somebody stole my car from the car park.
8. Millions of people all over the world watch this programme.
9. Joe introduced me to his girlfriend last week.
10. The manager will report all shoplifters to the police.

107 Rewrite the sentences in the passive voice.

1. Someone will attend to you later.

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2. She hasn’t watered these plants for over a week.
3. My great grandfather built this house 60 years ago.
4. A loud noise woke me up last night.
5. My husband gave me a new cell phone for my birthday.
6. They were opening the parcel when I came in.
7. The audience is not listening to the speaker.
8. They gave us a guided tour of the museum.
9. The workers were repairing the roof when the fire started.
10. Nobody has ever told him how to manage the club.
11. She solved all her problems.

108 Rewrite the following passages in the passive.

a Someone broke into the National Gallery late last night. The thieves had broken the
alarm system before they climbed through a window. They stole some priceless works
of art. They used a getaway car to escape. The police have questioned some suspects.
They have not caught the thieves yet.

b A few days ago, somebody stole Keith Dunn’s motorbike. Keith had left his
motorbike outside his house. Keith reported the theft to the police. The police told
him they would try to find his motorbike. This morning, the police called Keith and
asked him to go to the police station. They had found his motorbike. The thieves had
painted it and then sold it to someone else. The new owner had parked the motorbike
outside the police station. The police arrested the thieves.

c Yesterday afternoon, a volcanic eruption destroyed an entire village. Mount Sirius,

which experts thought was dormant, erupted at 3 pm. Tourists had seen smoke rising
from the mouth of the volcano two days before. The police moved the villagers away
from the area for their own safety. Tons of lava and rock came out of the volcano and

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wrecked houses, roads and trees. Although the blast physically injured only a few
people, doctors are treating many for shock. The authorities are keeping the area
surrounding Mount Sirius clear in case of further activity.

109 Rewrite the sentences in the passive voice.

1. After a while she found out they hadn’t told her the truth.
2. The outstanding performance impressed her.
3. They have invited us to the party.
4. The organizers will offer drinks during the break.
5. Scientists have not tested the new product on humans.
6. The mechanic cannot repair mother’s car because they have not delivered the
spare parts.
7. They will read out the names of the winners in tomorrow’s show.
8. Farmers have grown wheat in this part of the country for decades.
9. Someone has already paid the workers.
10. All the newspapers are reporting the scandal.
11. The boss asked him to leave the meeting.

110 Rewrite the sentences in the passive voice.

1. The police didn’t find the missing girl, so they issued a statement.
2. They will show the paintings at the exhibition until Monday.
3. The police are investigating the murder.
4. Hotel management asks all guests to check out before noon.
5. They are repairing the church bells at the moment.
6. You have never watered these plants.
7. Picasso painted Guernica in 1937.
8. When I entered the room, the teacher was passing out the test instructions.

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9. They treat and cure people at hospitals.
10. Nobody has done the washing up.
11. The city authorities sold the land three years ago.

111 Rewrite the sentences in the passive voice.

1. The judge has sentenced many criminals in his career.

2. They have offered him a good job.
3. They are serving breakfast in the dining room.
4. Millions of people around the world love football.
5. They have treated the prisoners badly for years.
6. They play rugby in all the Commonwealth countries.
7. They are tearing down the old bridge at the moment.
8. You haven’t answered my question yet.
9. After John had repaired the car, he sold it.
10. The boys pushed Tom into the river.
11. In Asia children do a lot of the work.

112 Rewrite the sentences in the passive voice.

1. Steven King wrote the book.

2. Mom is ironing your shirt.
3. Settlers built this town in 1802.
4. The company has produced cars since the beginning of the century.
5. The headmaster did not allow students to smoke.
6. Committee members handed out invitations for the meeting.
7. The Egyptians buried pharaohs in pyramids.
8. They will meet you at the train station.
9. Has everyone read the instructions?

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10. The nurse reads the newspaper to the old man every day.
11. They will repair my car next week.

With verbs that take two objects it is more usual to begin the passive sentence
with the person.
e.g. They sent a letter to him. → He was sent a letter. (more usual)
A letter was sent to him. (less usual)

113 Turn the following into the Passive in two ways.

1. They gave him a watch when he retired.

He ………………………………………………………………………….
A watch ……………………………………………………………………
2. They have offered him the job.
He …………………………………………………………………………..
The job ……………………………………………………………………..
3. She will send you a fax.
You …………………………………………………………………………
A fax ……………………………………………………………………….
4. They are going to show me a new technique.
I …………………………………………………………………………….
A new technique ……………………………………………………………
5. Someone gave her a book.
She ………………………………………………………………………….
A book ………………………………………………………………………
6. They give the students extra lessons.
The students ………………………………………………………………..
Extra lessons ……………………………………………………………….
7. They have shown her the plans for the house.

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 She …………………………………………………………………………
The plans for the house …………………………………………………….
8. They are going to send you a receipt.
You …………………………………………………………………………
A receipt ……………………………………………………………………

114 Turn the following into the Passive in two ways.

1. My brother has promised to help me with the car.

2. I sent him a letter.
3. The police officer showed us the way.
4. Our neighbour gave me a lift.
5. She told me a lie.
6. We will show you a couple of pictures.
7. Rachel will give you some advice.
8. Somebody promised the boy a bike.
9. They did not offer her a seat.
10. The teacher won’t show him his marks.

115 Make the following sentences Passive.

1. My granny usually writes us letters every week.

2. He sold us the DVD recorder very cheap.
3. My parents had bought me a scooter before I finished school.
4. The doorkeeper repeated the keyword to us.
5. She has described to her colleagues the recent years of her life.
6. We introduced our new groupmate to the teacher of English.
7. He has mentioned it to me three times – as if thinking I don’t comprehend.
8. The Parliament members have declared the resolution.

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9. I didn’t recommend her any of people I know.
10. My younger brother proved the theorem to us easily.

116 Rewrite these sentences in the passive.

1. They owe a lot of money to the bank.

A lot of money is owed to the bank.
2. They have proved that there is no life on the moon.
It ……………………………………………………………………………..
3. You buy videos like this one anywhere.
……………………………………………………………………………..
4. Someone has already written the history of the European Community.
……………………………………………………………………………..
5. When we arrived home, we found that someone had broken one of our windows.
……………………………………………………………………………..
6. They have sold their car to pay their debts.
……………………………………………………………………………..
7. They hold a meeting in the village hall once a week.
……………………………………………………………………………..

Passive voice – Modal verbs

Person/ object + can + be + Past Participle of the
could verb (Ved/III)
may
might
should
must
Person/ object + can + have been + Past Participle of the
could verb (Ved/III)
may
might
should
must
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 e.g.: Active: You must finish the work within two hours.
Passive: The work must be finished within two hours.
Active: We might have predicted the changes.
Passive: The changes might have been predicted.

117 Rewrite the sentences in the passive.

1. You must clean your suit for the ceremony.

2. They should have redecorated the house before Christmas.
3. They could not reach the crash site in time.
4. We must do something before the situation gets out of control.
5. You can hear the music in all sections of the stadium.
6. You mustn’t put the leftovers back in the fridge.
7. The police should have brought him to the station.
8. We had to call the ambulance.
9. You cannot reach this village by train.
10. Nobody can beat Liverpool.

118 Rewrite the sentences and make them passive.

1. You should send the email today.

2. You must park your car in the garage.
3. Candidates must write their answers in ink.
4. The judge shouldn’t have postponed the hearing.
5. Everyone must wear hard hats when working on the building site.
6. You cannot trust politicians.
7. They ought to pay the workers more.
8. They might have invited us to the party, but I’m not sure.
9. Candidates must return their applications by the end of next week

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10. The authorities should raise more money for the new church.

119 Rewrite the sentences and make them passive.

1. Pupils must not step on the freshly cut lawn.

2. You can buy tickets for the concert here.
3. You should take these tablets before meals.
4. You must wash coloured clothes separately.
5. We should call the police at once after the accident.
6. The policeman should do a good job.
7. The breaching party should pay for the damage.
8. They need to repair my car.
9. They should cancel the game.
10. The authorities should raise more money for the new church.

The passive with verbs of ‘saying’ and ‘believing’

We need to be sure of our facts when we say:

e.g. He was a spy in World War II.
If we are not sure of our facts, we can express caution by saying:
e.g. It is said (that) he was a spy in World War II. / He was said to be a spy in World
War II.
We can express caution in three ways, with:

1. It (+ passive + that-clause) with e.g. agree, believe, consider, decide, hope,

know, say:
e.g. It is said (that) there is a plenty of oil off our own coast.
2. There (+ passive + to be) with e.g. allege, believe, fear, know, report, say,
suppose, think:
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 e.g. There is said to be plenty of oil off our own coast.
3. Subject (not it) (+ passive + to-infinitive) with e.g. allege, believe, consider,
know, say:
e.g. Jane is said to know all there is to know about chimpanzees.

120 Begin these sentences with it, there + passive construction.

1. It is expected that prices will rise again this month. (expect)

2. ……………….. that all the passengers had died in the crash. (fear)
3. ……………….. to be an expert in financial matters. (suppose)
4. ……………….. to have committed the crime. (think)
5. ……………….. that the sea level is rising. (think)
6. ……………….. to be a lot of coal in the Antarctic. (think)
7. ……………….. to be honest and reliable. (consider)
8. ……………….. to be thousands of people waiting to renew their passports.
(say)
9. ……………….. that thousands of new jobs will be created in the computer
industry. (say)
10. ……………….. to be a fall in house prices, but I haven’t noticed it. (suppose)

121 Write these sentences in another way, beginning as shown. Use the underlined word
in your sentence.

1. It is expected that the strike will end soon. – The strike is expected to end soon.
2. It is expected that the weather will be good tomorrow. – The weather is ____.
3. It is believed that the thieves got in through the kitchen window. – The thieves
____.
4. It is reported that many people are homeless after the floods. – Many people ____.
5. It is thought that the prisoner escaped by climbing over a wall. – The prisoner ____.

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6. It is alleged that the man drove through the town at 90 miles an hour. – The man is
____.
7. It is reported that the building has been badly damaged by fire. – The building
____.
8. It is said that the company is losing a lot of money. – The company ____.
9. It is believed that the company lost a lot of money last year. – The company ____.
10. It is expected that the company will lose money this year. – The company ____.

The verbs believe, expect, feel, hope, know, report, say, think etc. can be used in
the following passive patterns:
e.g. People say she is rich.
It + passive + that-clause e.g. It is said that she is rich.
(impersonal construction)
Subject (person) + passive + to-infinitive e.g. She is said to be rich.
(personal construction)

122 Can you rephrase these sentences in two different ways? Begin as suggested
below.

1. They say the Prime Minister is on the point of resigning.

a It …………………………………………………….
b The Prime Minister …………………………………………………….
2. They said the Queen was considering abdication.
a It …………………………………………………….
b The Queen …………………………………………………….
3. They said the Chairman of the Board had absconded with the funds.
a It …………………………………………………….
b The Chairman …………………………………………………….

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123 Turn the following into the Passive as in the example.

1. People expect that he will win.

He is expected to win.
It is expected that he will win.
2. Journalists have reported that the President is ill.
The President …………………………………………………
It ………………………………………………………………
3. Everyone knows that the statement was untrue.
The statement …………………………………………………
It ………………………………………………………………
4. Many people believe that the climate is changing.
The climate ……………………………………………………
It ……………………………………………………………….
5. Everyone knows that he has been in prison.
He ………………………………………………………………
It ………………………………………………………………..
6. Many people say that the new prices are too high.
The new prices ………………………………………………….
It …………………………………………………………………
7. They claim that this diamond is the largest in the world.
This diamond ……………………………………………………….
It …………………………………………………………………….

124 Change the underlined verbs in these sentences from Active to Passive, keeping
the tense the same and making any other necessary changes.

1. The court found core conspirators guilty on several counts, most notably fraud
and conspiracy.

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2. White-collar crime affects employees, consumers and citizens alike.
3. A judge sentenced the former CEO to 87 months in Federal prison for his role in
arranging fraudulent loans that led to the company’s forced bankruptcy.
4. If the prosecutor fails to prove that the accused is guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt, the jury renders a verdict of “not guilty”.
5. The state prosecuted the company founder for tax evasion, and he is now serving
a three-year sentence.
6. The parole board put the prisoner on parole after four years of good conduct in
prison.
7. The judge gave the defendant a suspended sentence for the theft of his sister’s
car while intoxicated.

125 Change the underlined verbs in these sentences from Passive to Active, keeping
the tense the same and making any other necessary changes.

1. My books were stolen yesterday.

2. The streets around the fire had been blocked off by the police.
3. These books had been left in the classroom by a careless student.
4. The statue is being visited by hundreds of tourists every year.
5. The poem was read aloud by Margaret.
6. A woman was being carried downstairs by a very strong firefighter.
7. Coffee is raised in many parts of Hawaii by plantation workers.
8. Her personal computer was given to Edith by her parents.
9. Many letters have been sent by me to your office.
10. The truth was suddenly realized by the contestants.

126 Change the following from passive to active voice.

1. The movie was seen by the class before the exam.

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2. The National Enquirer was sued by a famous actor for publishing a scandalous
photo.
3. The test was taken by Amanda last week.
4. A brilliant performance was given by the choir.
5. The computers were shipped by the Tucson branch on Monday.
6. Kim was invited to a party by Raymond.
7. Projects were judged by the teachers.
8. The truck was broken by little Tommy while he played.
9. It was decided by the court that the contract was invalid.
10. After Leonardo da Vinci’s death, the Mona Lisa was purchased by King
Francis I of France.

127 Change the following from passive to active voice.

1. The runways are being lengthened at all the main airports.

2. Byron is said to have lived on vinegar and potatoes.
3. This notice has been altered.
4. Evening dress will be worn.
5. This copy hasn’t been read. The pages haven’t been cut.
6. The ship was put into quarantine and passengers and crew were forbidden to
land.
7. The house where the dead man was found is being guarded by the police.
8. Your money could be put to good use.
9, Considerable damage has been caused by the fire.
10. Next year’s Congress is going to be held in San Francisco.

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 PROGRESS TEST 2

A Choose the correct item.

1. We ……….. by a loud noise during the night.

A woke up B were woken up C are woken up
2. A new supermarket is going to …….. next year.
A be built B build C be building
3. There’s somebody walking behind us. I think …………. .
A we are following B we are followed C we are being followed
4. ‘Where ………..?’ ‘In London.’
A were you born B are you born C have you been born
5. There was a fight at the party, but nobody ……….. .
A was hurt B hurt C is hurt
6. Jane ……… to phone me last night, but she didn’t.
A supposed B is supposed C was supposed
7. Where ……….? Which hairdresser did you go to?
A did you cut your B did you have cut C did you have your hair
hair your hair cut
8. This room ……. last week.
A was decorated B will be decorated C decorated

B Write the complete sentences about food production using the verb in the present
simple passive.

9. Cheese / produce / from milk.

…………………………………………………………………………………
10. Grapes / grow / in many countries. About half / eat / as fruit and half / make / into

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 wine.
…………………………………………………………………………………
11. Nowadays, most fruit / wash / before it / sell / to the public.
…………………………………………………………………………………
12. At sea, fish / freeze / as soon as they / catch.
…………………………………………………………………………………
13. Some fish / keep / in fish farms. They / feed / with food that / produce / in a
factory.
…………………………………………………………………………………
14. Oranges / often / pick / when they are green because they / transport / thousands
of miles.
…………………………………………………………………………………
15. Flour / make / from cereal grains such as wheat and rye. It / use / to make bread
and cakes.
…………………………………………………………………………………

C Rewrite the sentences using passive.

16. Thieves robbed a woman. ………………………………………….

17. They offered Isabelle a pay rise. ………………………………………….
18. We need to correct the mistakes. ………………………………………….
19. They may ban the film. ………………………………………….
20. The firefighters have evacuated the school. ……………………………………….
21. They are testing the new drug. ………………………………………….
22. We haven’t used the machine for ages. ………………………………………….
23. They have already served dinner at the school. ……………………………………
24. Someone has counted all the students. ………………………………………….
25. Someone found a fire in the school kitchen a few minutes ago. …………………..

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D Complete using the correct passive form of the verbs in brackets.

26. When people …………………… (arrest), they …………………… (take) to the

police station.
27. Milk …………………… (usually / keep) in the fridge.
28. …………………… (we / tell) what’s in next week’s test?
29. How did people communicate over long distances before the phone
…………………… (invent)?
30. …………………… (you / allow) to come to the party next Saturday?
31. You …………………… (give) your exam results next Monday.
32. …………………… (Aidan’s bike / find) yesterday?

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14 Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

Adjectives of: Positive Comparative Superlative

one syllable tall taller (than) the tallest (of/in)

two syllables ending happy happier (than) the happiest (of/in)
in -er, -ly, -y, -w friendly friendlier (than) the friendliest (of/in)
two or more syllables modern more modern (than) the most modern (of/in)

 Adjectives ending in a stressed vowel between two consonants double the final
consonant and take -er/-est.
e.g. hot – hotter – hottest

 The comparative and superlative of some two-syllable adjectives, such as

clever, stupid, narrow, gentle, quiet, simple, friendly, cruel, polite, pleasant,
common, shallow are formed either with -er/-est or with more/most.
e.g. friendly – friendlier – friendliest friendly – more friendly – most
friendly

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  We often use than after a comparative and we use the before a superlative.
e.g. He’s shorter than you.
e.g. I’m the tallest of all.

 After superlatives we normally use in with places, for organizations and groups
of people (a class / a company etc.). For a period of time we use of:
e.g. What was the happiest day of your life?
e.g. What’s the longest river in the world.
e.g. Who is the youngest student in the class?

Irregular forms
Positive Comparative Superlative
good/well better the best
bad/badly worse the worst
much more the most
many
little less the least
far further/farther the furthest/the farthest

NOTE:
1) further/farther (adv) = a longer distance e.g. His house is further/farther away
from the post office than ours. further (but not farther) (adj) = ‘more’ or
‘additional’
e.g. Don’t hesitate to ask me if you need any further information.
2) old – older – oldest e.g. He’s older than me. (not: elder; elder isn’t used with
than)
3) old – elder – eldest
e.g. My eldest sister is a lawyer. (We use elder – eldest to talk about relatives only).

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128 Write the comparative and superlative adjectives.

1 cold − …………………….. 15 high − ……………………..

2 intelligent − …………………….. 16 slow − ……………………..
3 wide − …………………….. 17 boring − ……………………..
4 safe − …………………….. 18 interested − ……………………..
5 rich − …………………….. 19 near − ……………………..
6 small − …………………….. 20 dangerous − ……………………..
7 lazy − …………………….. 21 hungry − ……………………..
8 green − …………………….. 22 strange − ……………………..
9 important − …………………….. 23 clever − ……………………..
10 red − …………………….. 24 wet − ……………………..
11 sleepy − …………………….. 25 hopeful − ……………………..
12 slim − …………………….. 26 angry − ……………………..
13 famous − …………………….. 27 fine − ……………………..
14 dirty − …………………….. 28 long − ……………………..

129 Write the comparative or superlative of the adjectives in brackets.

1. It’s ……………. today than it was yesterday. (warm)

2. This is the ……………………… dress in the shop. (expensive)
3. What’s the ………………. mountain in your country? (high)
4. This car is too small. We need to get a ……………….. one. (big)
5. It was the ……………………… music I’ve ever heard. (beautiful)
6. Your computer is …………………….. than mine. (modern)
7. My sister was always ………………….. than me. (pretty)
8. Australia is the earth’s ……………………… continent. (old)
9. This year’s exam was ……………………… than last year’s. (difficult)
10. This is the …………………….. pan we’ve got. (large)

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130 Fill in the gaps with the adjectives in the box in a comparative or superlative
form.

brave, effective, exciting, expensive, fast,

happy, good, heavy, small

1. I travelled through Turkey by train because it was …the fastest… way to cross
the country.
2. Scientists have discovered a tiny bacteria living in the deep ocean. They say it is
………………. living organism known to man.
3. It is almost impossible to find a parking place in the city centre so it is
………….. to travel by public transport if you need to go there.
4. Pain killers are much ………………. now so they reduce pain a lot faster than
in the past.
5. I like all kinds of sports, but I think football is ………………… game to watch
because it is so fast-moving.
6. Nick did a bungee-jump, but I was too scared. He’s much …………….. than
me.
7. I think people from the north of my country are ……………….. than people
from the south. In the south no one ever seems to smile, but it’s the opposite in
the north.
8. The website listed hotels in a wide price range. I was amazed that the
………………. ones cost over $500 a night.
9. Weightlifters these days are lifting ………………… weights than ever before.

131 Circle the correct word.

FILM REVIEW
Crime Does Pay, the later/latest comedy from director Sam Martin, has to be one of
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the little/least interesting films I have ever seen. The acting is terrible and the story is
much worse/worst than Martin’s other flop, Escape. Crime Does Pay was apparently
more/most expensive than any other film this year, but it’s hard to see where the
money went. The plot concerns a gang of burglars who decide to steal the more/most
valuable painting in the world. Fine, except these criminals are far less/least amusing
than they should be. There isn’t a single real laugh in the whole movie. When I saw
it, even younger/youngest members of the audience thought it was stupidly childish.
Dean Richards, playing Scarnose, does a slightly better/best job than the others, but
there isn’t much in it. When will Hollywood realize that as ticket prices get
higher/highest, more people are finding that the well/best form of entertainment is to
spend an evening at home with a DVD?

132 Complete using the superlative forms of the words in brackets.

1. I think Mohammed Ali was the ……………………. (great) boxer that ever
lived.
2. It was the …………………….. (boring) film I had ever seen.
3. Our teacher told us that the student with the …………………… (high) mark
would get a prize.
4. Ginger is one of the ……………….…. (lucky) cats alive – he’s been hit by a
car three times and has never been hurt!
5. The Pacific is the ………………. (deep) ocean in the world.
6. But that’s the …………………. (crazy) idea I’ve ever heard!
7. The …………………. (far) I’ve run in one day is about ten kilometres.
8. Who do you think is the ……………………. (little) talented actor to win an
Oscar?
9. I asked the assistant to show me the …………………. (modern) phone they
had.
10. I told the manager that it was the ………………….. (bad) hotel I had ever

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 stayed in.

133 Correct the mistakes, as in the example.

1. My new car is fastest than my old one. ……….faster………………..

2. Alex is short than Tom. ………………………………
3. She’s prettier than her sister. ………………………………
4. Edinburgh is much smallest than London. ………………………………
5. Egypt is the fascinating country. ………………………………
6. Is Rome old than Venice? ………………………………
7. That is a very nicer dress. ………………………………
8. The Eiffel Tower is the more famous ………………………………
tower in France.

134 Choose the correct item.

1 She is …………. than her brother.

A short B shorter C the shortest
2 Bill is ………………… student in his class.
A good B better C the best
3 Susan is a ……………. girl.
A pretty B prettier C the prettiest
4 New York is ………. than Miami.
A interesting B more interesting C the most interesting
5 Paris is a very ………… city.
A expensive B more expensive C the most expensive
6 Nick is ………………. in his family.
A tall B taller C the tallest
7 Independence Day is a very …………….. film.

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 A exciting B more exciting C the most exciting
8 A dog is ……………. than a mouse.
A heavy B heavier C the heaviest
9 The Roxy is a very ………………… club in Boston.
A famous B more famous C the most famous
10 Anthony’s is …………………. сafé in my town.
A popular B more popular C the most popular

Comparative constructions
as … (positive) … as Paul is as clever as Tom.
not so/as … (positive) … as Jane is not so/as tall as Mary.
less … (positive) … than The red car is less expensive than the
the least … (positive) … of/in blue one, but the black one is the least
expensive of all.
the + comparative …, the + comparative The harder you work, the more money
you earn.

135 Complete the sentences using as …as.

1. I’m quite tall, but you are taller. I’m not …as tall as you… .
2. My salary is high, but yours is higher. My salary isn’t ………………………….
3. You know a bit about cars, but I know more. You don’t ………………………..
4. It’s still cold, but it was colder yesterday. It isn’t .…………………………….
5. I still feel quite tired, but I felt a lot more tired yesterday. I don’t
……………….
6. Our neighbours have lived here for quite a long time, but we’ve lived here
longer. Our neighbours haven’t ……………………………………………..
7. I was a bit nervous before the interview, but usually I’m a lot more nervous. I

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 wasn’t ….…………………………………………………………………………

136 Complete the sentences using as … as + the following:

bad comfortable fast

long often quietly
soon well well-qualified

1. I’m sorry. I’m late. I got here ………………… I could.

2. ‘How long can I stay with you?’ ‘You can stay …………………. you like’.
3. I like to keep fit, so I go swimming ………………….. I can.
4. I need the information quickly, so let me know …………………… possible.
5. I didn’t want to wake anybody, so I came in …………………….. I could.
6. It was a difficult question. I answered it …………………… I could.

In the following sentences use just as … as.

7. I’m going to sleep on the floor. It’s ………………………….. the bed.

8. Why did he get the job rather than me? I’m ……………………… him.
9. At first I thought he was nice, but really he’s …………………… everybody
else.

137 Choose the correct comparative or superlative adjective in brackets to fill in the
gaps.
Three Asian cities
Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur and Colombo are three busy and important Asian cities.
Jakarta is the (1) ……………. (larger / largest) and has a population of over nine
million people. Kuala Lumpur is not as (2) ……………. (big / bigger) as that. Its
population is about six million. Colombo is the (3) …………… (smaller / smallest)

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of the three cities. There are about three million people in Colombo. However,
Colombo is the (4) …………… (older / oldest) of the three. There was a settlement
there over two thousand years ago. Jakarta was founded in the fifth century but Kuala
Lumpur is the (5) …………… (more recent / most recent) city. It was founded in
1857. Each city is special and different. Of course, Kuala Lumpur is known for the
Petronas Twin Towers. These were the (6) ………….. (taller / tallest) twin towers in
the world when they were built. Colombo is building skyscrapers too. When the
Celestial Residences are finished in 2008, they will be the (7) …………….. (taller /
tallest) buildings on the island of Sri Lanka and in the whole of South Asia. Jakarta is
one of the (8) …………… (hotter / hottest) and (9) ……………. (more humid / most
humid) capital cities in the world. The (10) …………… (heavier / heaviest) rains fall
from December to January. During the hot season the temperature can be (11)
……………. (higher / highest) than 35°C. Fortunately, Colombo is a little (12)
…………… (cool / cooler) with a maximum temperature of about 30°C. Whatever
the weather, each city is worth a visit.

138 Complete using the correct form of the words in the box.

bad, big, far, funny, hard, kind, scary, tasty

1. This really is the ………………….. song I’ve ever heard! It’s terrible.
2. Ivy is the ………………….. woman I know. She’ll do anything for anybody.
3. Listen! I promise you, this is the ………………….. joke ever! Well, a man goes
into a shop …
4. Mmm! This is the ………………….. soup you’ve made so far.
5. What’s the ………………….. thing about English grammar for you?
6. Ben appeared and he was carrying the ………………….. present I’d ever seen.
It was huge!
7. We had a competition to see who could swim the ………………….. .

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8. Sandra told us the ………………….. ghost story she could, and it was really
frightening!

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 PROGRESS TEST 3

A Write the comparative form of the words in brackets.

1. They’ve made these chocolate bars ………………… (small).

2. Sport is ………………… (interesting) than politics.
3. Can’t you think of anything ………………… (intelligent) to say?
4. Well, the place looks ………………… (clean) now.
5. Jessica looks ………………… (thin) than she did.
6. The weather is getting ………………… (bad).
7. The programme will be shown at a ………………… (late) date.
8. I can’t stay ………………… (long) than half an hour.
9. An umbrella would be a ………………… (useful) present.
10. It was ………………… (busy) than usual in town today.
11. I’ll be even ………………… (annoyed) than if you do that again.
12. Since the break-in I feel ………………… (nervous).

B Write the superlative form of the words in brackets.

13. It’s the ………………… (short) day of the year.

14. It’s the ………………… (beautiful) building in the world.
15. That was the ………………… (funny) film I’ve ever seen.
16. It was the ………………… (horrible) feeling I’ve ever had.
17. It’s the ………………… (large) company in the country.
18. It was the ………………… (boring) speech I’ve ever heard.
19. You’ve got the ………………… (far) to travel.
20. That’s the ………………… (helpful) idea so far.
21. The factory uses the ………………… (modern) production methods.

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22. This is the ………………… (early) I’ve ever got up.
23. It was the ………………… (sad) day of my life.

C Some of these sentences are correct, and some have a word which should not be
there. If a sentence is correct, put a tick (). If it is incorrect, cross the
unnecessary word out of the sentence and write it in the space.

24. I’ve got the least powerful computer in the world. ………………………………
25. London is more bigger than Birmingham. ………………………………
26. Silver isn’t as expensive as gold. ………………………………
27. Indian food is the nicer than Chinese, I think. ………………………………
28. The telephone is the most useful inventions ever. ………………………………
29. I feel much better now, thank you. ………………………………
30. The longer you wait, so the harder it’ll be. ………………………………
31. The piano is heavier that the sofa. ………………………………
32. This is the most quickest way to the hotel. ………………………………
33. You’re taller than he is. ………………………………
34. Who is the cleverest student in of the class? ………………………………
35. The weather is getting hotter and more hotter. ………………………………

D Complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first. Use the
words in brackets.

36. This train is more convenient than all the others. (most)
This train …is the most convenient……. .
37. The living room isn’t as big as the kitchen. (bigger)
The kitchen ……………………………………………………
38. I am not as fit as you. (am)
You’re ……………………………………………………

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39. The table and the desk are the same size. (big)
The table …………………………………………………… the desk.
40. Prices just get higher all the time. (and)
Prices ……………………………………………………
41. The dress is cheaper than the skirt. (expensive)
The skirt …………………………………………………… the dress.
42. This crossword is the easiest. (difficult)
This crossword ……………………………………………………
43. Their excitement was increasing all the time. (excited)
They were getting ……………………………………………………
44. I’ve never read a more romantic story. (most)
It’s the …………………………………………………… read.

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15 Reported Speech

o We use reported speech when we want to say what someone else said.
e.g. Jason said he was going to buy a new pair of trainers.
o We can either use the word ‘that’ after the introductory verb (say, tell) or we
can omit it.
e.g. Tom said (that) it was nice to be home.

Say – Tell
Tell is always followed by a personal object (told me).
Say is used with or without a personal object. When used with a personal object it
is always followed by the preposition to (said to me).
e.g. He said (that) he was Ted.
e.g. He said to me (that) he was Ted.
e.g. He told me (that) he was Ted.

Expressions with say and tell

say good morning/afternoon etc., something/nothing etc., one’s prayers, so,

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 a few words
tell the truth, a lie, a secret, a story, a joke, the time, the difference, smb
one’s name, smb the way, one from another, one’s fortune, smb so

139 Use the correct form of SAY and TELL in these sentences.

1. She ……… me she didn’t agree.

2. He ………, “Have we met before?”
3. I ……… them I wasn’t happy with their work.
4. She smiled and ……… to me, “I’m very pleased to meet you.”
5. She ……… me a story about her parents.
6. He ………, “Are you feeling OK?”
7. I didn’t hear. What did he ……… ?
8. Could you ……… me the time, please?
9. They ……… me they were going to a meeting.
10. I ……… the police my address.
11. I ……… I wanted to buy a magazine.
12. He ……… he wasn’t interested in politics.
13. Could you ……… me your name again?
14. Do you think he is ……… the truth?
15. Would you ……… him to come early tomorrow?
16. If he ……… that again they’ll be in trouble.
17. I ……… them it was dangerous to swim here.
18. Did you ……… anything to him about your problem at work?
19. ……… me what happened.
20. I think he is ……… lies.
21. The policeman ……… the man was lying.
22. Philip ……… it would probably rain tomorrow.
23. Susan ……… , “Let’s go out for dinner tonight.”

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24. Jim ……… me about the party last night.
25. Our teacher ……… he was pleased with our work.
26. Stop ……… lies!

140 Fill in the gaps with SAY or TELL in the correct tense.

Katie (1) ...told... Dave that she had met a set of twins at a party. They looked exactly
the same,’ she (2) ………….. ‘I couldn’t (3) ……….. the difference between them.’
I’ve got a twin brother too,’ (4) ……….. Dave. ‘Are you (5) ……… me the truth?’
asked Katie. ‘(6) ………… me his name.’ ‘His name is Stephen,’ Dave (7) ………..
her. ‘I’ll take you to meet him tomorrow.’

‘Claire (8) …….. me that she and John are getting married,’ (9) ……… Sue. ‘She
(10) ……… that they’re going to have a big wedding with lots of guests.’ ‘That will
be expensive,’ (11) ……… Tom. ‘I thought John (12) ………. that they couldn’t
afford a big wedding.’ ‘'Well that’s what Claire (13) ……. me,’ (14) …….... Sue. ‘I
don’t think she would (15) ………. a lie.’

‘You never listen to me,’ Таrа (16) ………… Jim. ‘I (17) ……… good morning to
you three times today and you didn’t answer,’ she (18) …..…. ‘To (19) ……. you the
truth, it makes me really angry. Why don’t you listen to me?’ ‘Oh, hello Таrа,’ said
Jim. ‘Did you just (20) …..…. something?’

141 Fill in the gaps with SAY or TELL in the correct tense.

‘I saw Paul in town today’, Steve (1) …….. Louise. ‘I (2) …… good afternoon to
him and I noticed that he’d had his hair cut. I should have (3) ……. something about
it, but it looked awful, so I didn’t mention it’. ‘You did the right thing’, Louise (4)
….….. him. ‘It’s better to (5) ……… nothing than to (6) ……. a lie’.

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‘This sugar-free chocolate is delicious’, (7) …….. Sandra. ‘I can’t (8) …….. the
difference between this chocolate and the one containing sugar.’ ‘I like it, too’, (9)
……… Mark. ‘I wish someone had (10) ……… me about it sooner. I could have lost
so much weight!’ ‘To (11) ……… you the truth, I don’t think you should lose
weight,’ (12) ……. Sandra. ’I like you just the way you are,’ she (13) ……… him.
At Alison’s wedding reception, her father stood up and (14) ……… the guests that
he would like to (15) ..…… a few words. He started to (16) ..……. a story about
when Alison was young. Alison felt embarrassed, but she didn’t (17) ……. so. Then
her father (18) ……. the guests some jokes, which everyone found very funny.
Finally, he (19) ……. a prayer for the happy couple.

Reported speech: pronoun and determiner changes

o With reported speech, we also usually have to change some pronouns and
determiners. These changes include:
Direct speech Reported speech Example

my his/her ‘I’ve lost my credit card,’ said Tim.

Tim said he had lost his credit card.

this/that + noun the/that ‘I love this sweater,’ said Tim.

Tim said he loved the/that sweater.

this/that + verb it This is a lovely sweater,’ said Tim.

Tim said it was a lovely sweater.

these/ those + noun the/those ‘I love those sweaters,’ said Tim.

Tim said he loved the/those sweaters.

these/ those + verb they ‘These are lovely sweaters,’ said Tim.
Tim said they were lovely sweaters.

verb + these/those them ‘I’m going to buy these,’ said Tim.

Tim said he was going to buy them.

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 142 Fill in the gaps with the correct pronoun or possessive adjective.

1. My boss wants me to go to London tomorrow.

James said his boss wanted ….. to go to London the following day.
2. Mary said: I’m waiting for my son to come out of school.
Mary said that ….. was waiting for ….. son to come out of school.
3. George said: I’ve bought a new car for my mum.
George said ….. had bought a new car for ….. mum.
4. Julie said to me: I need you to help me with the shopping.
Julie told me that ….. needed ….. to help ….. with the shopping.
5. John said: I’d like to take you out to dinner.
John said .…’d like to take …. out to dinner.
6. Helen said to Jane: I think your new haircut is lovely.
Helen told Jane that ….. thought ….. new haircut was lovely.

Reported speech: time and place changes

o With reported speech, we also usually have to change words and phrases
connected to time and place. These changes include:
Direct speech Reported speech Example

here there ‘I usually shop here,’ said Tim.

Tim said he usually shopped there.

now/at the then/at that moment/ ‘I’m shopping at the moment,’ said Tim.
moment at that time Tim said he was shopping then/at that
moment.

today/tonight that day/that night ‘I’m going shopping tonight,’ said Tim.
Tim said he was going shopping that night.

yesterday the day before/ the ‘I went shopping yesterday,’ said Tim.
previous day Tim said he’d been shopping the day
before/ the previous day.

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 tomorrow the next day / the ‘I’m going shopping tomorrow,’ said Tim.
following day Tim said he was going the next/following
day.
this week that week “I’ve been there this week,” said Tim.
Tim said he’d been there that week.

last week the week before / ‘I went shopping last week,’ said Tim.
the previous week Tim said he’d been shopping the week
before/the previous week.

next week the week after/the ‘I’m going shopping next week,’ said Tim.
following week Tim said he was going shopping the
following week.
ago before/previously ‘I went shopping two days ago,’ said Tim.
Tim said he’d been shopping two days
before/previously.

WATCH OUT!!!
We do not need to make any changes to time words / phrases when the information is
still true at the moment of speaking /writing.
e.g. ‘I’m going shopping tomorrow,’ said Tim to Ben.
Ben immediately called Lizzie and said, ‘Tim said he’s going shopping tomorrow’.

143 Change words and phrases connected to time.

1. Peter booked tickets for the theatre last week.

He said that Peter had booked tickets for the theatre ……………..
2. The meeting will take place next month.
Mr. Stone told me that the meeting would take place ……………..
3. He will speak to Mr. Smith tomorrow.
He told them he would speak to Mr. Smith ……………..
4. I’m going out tonight.
Ann said she was going out ……………..
5. I attended Professor Davy’s lecture yesterday.

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 She said she had attended Professor Davy’s lecture ……………..
6. Dr. Dodd is speaking on the phone now.
Miss Brooks said that Dr. Dodd was speaking on the phone ……………..
7. I’ll join you tomorrow.
Jane said she would join us ……………..

o If the reporting verb is in the past (e.g. said), we usually have to change the
tense of what the person actually said.

Direct speech Reported speech Example

present simple past simple ‘I need a credit card,’ said Tim.

Tim said he needed a credit card.

present continuous past continuous ‘I’m taking Lizzie shopping,’ said

Tim.
Tim said he was taking Lizzie
shopping.

present perfect simple past perfect simple ‘I’ve bought Tom a present,’ said Tim.
Tim said he had bought Tom a
present.
present perfect past perfect ‘I’ve been thinking about buying a
continuous continuous car,’ said Tim.
Tim said he had been thinking about
buying a car.

past simple past perfect simple ‘I spent six euros,’ said Tim.
Tim said he had spent six euros.

past continuous past continuous ‘I was hoping to fing a new top,’ said
/past perfect Tim.
continuous Tim said he was hoping / had been
hoping to find a new top.

past perfect simple past perfect simple ‘I’d looked everywhere for my credit
(no tense change) card before I found it,’ said Tim.
Tim said he’d looked everywhere for
his credit card before he found it.

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past perfect past perfect ‘I’d been looking for that book for
continuous continuous weeks before I found it,’ said Tim.
(no tense change) Tim said he’d been looking for that
book for weeks before he found it.

am/is/are going to was/were going to ‘I am going to go shopping,’ said Tim.

Tim said he was going to go shopping.

will would ‘I’ll need a credit card,’ said Tim.

Tim said he would need a credit card.

can could ‘I can take Lizzie shopping,’ said Tim.

Tim said he could take Lizzie
shopping.

must/ have to had to ‘I must go to the supermarket,’ said

Tim.
Tim said he had to go to the
supermarket.

may might ‘I may go shopping later,’ said Tim.

Tim said he might go shopping later.

WATCH OUT!!! TENSE CHANGE

am / is  was
are  were
have / has  had
will  would
can  could
do / does  did
V / Vs  Ved (regular) / II (irregular)
Ved (regular)  had + Ved
II (irregular)  had + III
didn’t + V  hadn’t + Ved (regular), hadn’t + III (irregular)

144 Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech, changing words where
necessary. Start with:
He / She said ………..

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1. “He works in a bank.”

2. “Julie doesn’t like going out much.”

3. “I don’t have a computer.”

4. “They never arrive on time.”
5. “We often meet friends in London at the weekend.”
6. “David doesn’t have any children.”
7. “I don’t go to the gym very often.”
8. “Lucy owns three flats in the city.”
9. “I never get up early on Sundays.”
10. “Jill meets her boyfriend at the cinema every Friday night.”
11. “We don’t travel much.”
12. “John doesn’t live in Japan anymore.”
13. “They work in Hong Kong.”
14. “I have to work until seven or eight pm every night.”
15. “I don’t want to go to the theatre next weekend.”
16. “We like working in Paris.”
17. “She doesn’t have enough time to do everything.”
18. “Tony hates mushrooms.”
19. “They often go on holiday in July.”
20. “I live in New York.”

145 Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech, changing words where
necessary. Start with:
He / She said………

1. “I’m coming.”
2. “I’m sleeping.”
3. “We’re working.”

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4. “She’s talking on the telephone.”
5. “Lucy is reading a book in front of the fire.”
6. “I’m not going out now.”
7. “We are not visiting Paris during our trip.”
8. “I’m listening to my new CD.”
9. “John is working in a bar for the summer.”
10. “I’m not going to go on holiday.”
11. “He isn’t living in Beijing.”
12. “I’m taking the train to Berlin.”
13. “She is never coming back.”
14. “Jill is studying a lot.”
15. “I’m not meeting Julie.”
16. “We aren’t renting a flat.”
17. “They are visiting the museum.”
18. “She’s eating dinner.”
19. “We aren’t going to the library.”
20. “She’s coming to the party.”

146 Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech. Start with:
He / She said………

1. “Jane left the party early.”

2. “I didn’t go out at the weekend.”
3. “He didn’t like chocolate as a child.”
4. “They visited Japan.”
5. “She didn’t buy the dress.”
6. “I travelled through India and Pakistan two years ago.”
7. “He met his girlfriend in a café.”
8. “David didn’t arrive until 10 o’clock.”

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9. “We went to the park to have a picnic last week.”
10. “We ate Chinese food then we walked home.”
11. “She forgot to bring the CDs.”
12. “I didn’t like the food in the restaurant yesterday.”
13. “He didn’t take a shower.”
14. “I worked until six yesterday.”
15. “We went to Paris for the weekend.”
16. “The plane left at seven.”
17. “I came to London in 2004.”
18. “Lucy didn’t go to university last Monday.”
19. “John never studied German.”
20. “I went to the cinema yesterday.”

147 Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech, changing words where
necessary. Start with:
He / She said………

1. “She has visited Paris three times.”

2. “He has read War and Peace.”
3. “I haven’t seen Julie for ages.”
4. “He hasn’t been to school this week.”
5. “We haven’t seen The Lord of the Rings.”
6. “They’ve eaten in a lot of different restaurants.”
7. “I’ve never tried skateboarding.”
8. “Lucy has drunk six cups of coffee today.”
9. “Mr Black has written three books.”
10. “It hasn’t rained much this year.”
11. “She has never swum in the sea."
12. “He has studied Latin.”

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13. “I’ve been sick all week.”
14. “Robert has been to China five times.”
15. “I haven’t met Richard before.”
16. “Julie has never studied music.”
17. “He has eaten too much chocolate today.”
18. “We haven’t seen the new play.”
19. “I haven’t tried the new restaurant yet.”
20. “I’ve never been to Brazil.”

148 Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech, changing words where
necessary. Start with:
He / She said………

1. “I'll go to the cinema later.”

2. “We’ll meet the children at six.”
3. “She’ll be late.”
4. “Lucy will definitely come.”
5. “John won’t do it.”
6. “They won’t be able to arrive early.”
7. “I won’t come with you.”
8. “It won’t rain later I'm sure.”
9. “The girl will never pass the exam.”
10. “It will be cold tonight.”

149 Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech, changing words where
necessary. Start with:
He / She said………

1. “We went out last night.”

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2. “I’ve been looking for you!”
3. “I was waiting for the bus when she arrived.”
4. “I didn’t go to the party yesterday.”
5. “Lucy will come next week.”
6. “He hasn’t eaten breakfast.”
7. “I can help you tomorrow.”
8. “I don’t like chocolate.”
9. “I won’t see you tomorrow.”
10. “She’s living in Paris for a few months.”
11. “I visited my parents at the weekend.”
12. “She hasn’t eaten sushi before.”
13. “I’ll do the washing-up later.”
14. “They were skating yesterday”

150 Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech.

1. Robin said, “These biscuits taste delicious.”

Robin said (that) the biscuits tasted delicious.
2. “Those were good times for my family,” Jack said.
………………………………………………………………………….
3. “I received a parcel this morning, but I haven’t opened it yet,” Tom said.
………………………………………………………………………….
4. He said, “I’m going to the station.”
………………………………………………………………………….
5. Tom said, “This meal is delicious.”
………………………………………………………………………….
6. “I’ve written you a letter,” she said to her friend.
………………………………………………………………………….
7. “We’ve decided to spend our holidays in Jordan,” they told us.

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 ………………………………………………………………………….
8. Jill said, “I’ll go to the bank tomorrow.”
…………………………………………………………………………..
9. She said to him, “We’ve been invited to a wedding.”
………………………………………………………………………….
10. “They’ve gone out for the evening,” Jessie said to me.
………………………………………………………………………….
11. Keith said, “There is a letter for you on the table.”
………………………………………………………………………….
12. “We won’t be visiting Tom this evening,” Sam told us.
………………………………………………………………………….
13. “I haven’t spoken to Mary since last week,” Gloria said.
………………………………………………………………………….
14. “They delivered the letters this morning,” she said.
………………………………………………………………………….
15. “They aren’t going on holiday this year,” he said.
………………………………………………………………………….
16. Jane said, “I haven’t finished my homework yet.”
………………………………………………………………………….
17. “I’m going to bed early tonight,” Caroline said.
………………………………………………………………………….
18. “My mother is coming to visit us,” I said.
………………………………………………………………………….
19. “We don’t want to watch a film tonight,” the children said.
………………………………………………………………………….
20. “He’s playing in the garden now,” his mother said.
………………………………………………………………………….

151 People made these statements. Report them, using ‘said’.

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1. “Mary works in a bank,” Jane said.
2. “I’ve never been to Russia,” Mike said.
3. “I’ll stay at home on Sunday,” Bill said.
4. “I’m going away tomorrow,” he said.
5. “I’ll come with you as soon as I’m ready,” she replied.
6. “I’m going to the cinema,” she said.
7. “I’m very tired,” she said.
8. “I found an old Roman coin in the garden yesterday and I am going to take it to
the museum this afternoon,” he said.
9. “I see the children quite often,” he said.
10. “I’ve already met their parents,” she said.

152 Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech, changing words where
necessary.

1. “I’ll see them next summer,” he said.

2. “I stayed in a hotel two weeks ago,” she said.
3. “I haven’t been waiting long,” she said.
4. “I’m listening to the radio,” he said.
5. “I’ll phone the office from the airport,” she said.
6. “I saw her today,” he said.
7. “Pete and Sue are getting married tomorrow,” she said.
8. “They were here three months ago,” he said.
9. “We visited her this morning,” they said.
10. “I’m meeting them at four o’clock today,” he said.

153 Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech, changing words where
necessary.

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1. “I’m having a bath,” she said.
…………………………………………………………………………..
2. “I’ll tell them the news on Saturday,” she said.
…………………………………………………………………………..
3. “I like swimming, dancing and playing tennis,” he said.
…………………………………………………………………………..
4. “I walked home after the party,” he said.
…………………………………………………………………………..
5. “I spoke to Jane last week,” she said.
…………………………………………………………………………..
6. “I can’t speak any foreign languages,” he said.
…………………………………………………………………………..
7. “I don’t like this film,” she said.
…………………………………………………………………………..
8. “I must go out to post a letter,” he said.
…………………………………………………………………………..
9. “Stephen’s bringing some records to the party tomorrow,” she said.
…………………………………………………………………………..
10. “I can see you tomorrow,” she said.
…………………………………………………………………………..

WATCH OUT!!!
We do not need to make changes to the verb tense or modal when we are reporting a
scientific fact or when something is still true.
e.g. ‘Most banks charge interest,’ said Tim.
Tim said most banks charge interest.

154 Turn the sentences into Reported Speech.

139
1. ‘I’ve done things you asked me to do,’ Mary says.
…………………………………………………………………………..
2. ‘He broke the window,’ they said.
…………………………………………………………………………..
3. ‘Fish live in water,’ he said.
…………………………………………………………………………..
4. The article said, ‘The artist only uses oil paints.’
…………………………………………………………………………..
5. ‘They are working hard this week,’ he said.
…………………………………………………………………………..
6. ‘The sun rises in the east,’ she said.
…………………………………………………………………………..
7. ‘I’m working on the project now,’ Billy says.
…………………………………………………………………………..
8. ‘We were dancing when he came,’ Tom said.
…………………………………………………………………………..
9. ‘We had booked the room before we left,’ they say.
…………………………………………………………………………..
10. ‘Those were good times for my family,’ he said.
…………………………………………………………………………..
11. Mum said, ‘Dinner is ready.’
…………………………………………………………………………..
12. ‘I’ll start cooking at six o’clock,’ she said.
…………………………………………………………………………..
13. ‘We went to the supermarket yesterday,’ he said.
…………………………………………………………………………..
14. Mrs Jones said, ‘My daughter is going to have a baby.’
…………………………………………………………………………..
15. ‘You’re never going to get a job,’ Dad always said.

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 …………………………………………………………………………..
16. ‘We went to the beach last Sunday,’ they said.
…………………………………………………………………………..
17. ‘He showed me his photographs,’ she says.
…………………………………………………………………………..
18. ‘We’ve never been on holiday abroad,’ they said.
…………………………………………………………………………..

155 Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech.

1. ‘I saw Amanda at the cinema yesterday,’ she said.

…………………………………………………………………………..
2. ‘They don’t live here anymore,’ he said to me.
…………………………………………………………………………..
3. ‘Canada is a large country,’ he said.
…………………………………………………………………………..
4. ‘The Statue of Liberty is in America,’ she said to us.
…………………………………………………………………………..
5. ‘I’ll help you with your homework,’ he said.
…………………………………………………………………………..
6. ‘If I’m free, I’ll call you,’ Tom said.
…………………………………………………………………………..
7. ‘You should make a decision,’ he said to us.
…………………………………………………………………………..
8. Sophie said, ‘I went to bed early last night.’
…………………………………………………………………………..
9. Jessica told the immigration officer, ‘This is my first trip to England.’
…………………………………………………………………………..
10. Marty said, ‘I’m going to visit my uncle next month.’

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 …………………………………………………………………………..
11. Mark said, ‘My friend found a new job in the music business.’
…………………………………………………………………………..
12. My father told Ben, ‘I am sure I saw you here last week.’
…………………………………………………………………………..
13. Paul said, ‘I don’t like my new flat.’
…………………………………………………………………………..
14. Judy complained, ‘I have already written this essay four times.’
…………………………………………………………………………..
15. Mark said, ‘My friend found a new job in the music business.’
…………………………………………………………………………..

156 Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech.

1. ‘I’ve finished the letters you asked me to write,’ Jill said.

…………………………………………………………………………..
2. ‘Pandas live in China,’ the teacher said.
…………………………………………………………………………..
3. ‘It’s time for bed,’ Dad said.
…………………………………………………………………………..
4. ‘I have to tidy my bedroom now,’ Toby says.
…………………………………………………………………………..
5. ‘Coal is found underground,’ he said.
…………………………………………………………………………..
6. ‘I can help you tidy the attic on Saturday,’ Karen said to Joe.
…………………………………………………………………………..
7. ‘Kangaroos live in Australia,’ she told them.
…………………………………………………………………………..
8. ‘I live in St. Petersburg,’ she told me.

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 …………………………………………………………………………..

157 Yesterday you met a friend of yours, Steve. You hadn’t seen him for a long time.
Here are some of the things Steve said to you:

1. I’m living in London.

2. I haven’t seen Amy recently.
3. My father isn’t very well.
4. Rachel and Mark are getting married next month.
5. I’m not enjoying my job very much.
6. My sister has had a baby.
7. My car was stolen a few days ago.
8. You can come and stay at my place if you’re ever in London.
9. I don’t know what Joe is doing.
10. I want to go on holiday, but I can’t afford it.
11. I saw Helen at a party in June and she seemed fine.
12. I’ll tell Chris I saw you.

Later that day you tell another friend what Steve said. Use reported speech.

1. Steve said that he was living in London.

2. He said that …………………………………………………………………..

158 Somebody says something to you which is not what you expected. Use your own
ideas to complete your answers.

1. A: It’s quite a long way from the hotel to the station.

B: Is it? The man on the reception desk said ……………………….
2. A: Sue is coming to the party tonight.

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 B: Is she? I saw her a few days ago and she said she ………………………
3. A: Sarah gets on fine with Paul.
B: Does she? Last week you said ………………………
4. A: Joe knows lots of people.
B: That’s not what he told me. He said ………………………
5. A: Jane will be here next week.
B: Oh, really? When I spoke to her, she said ………………………
6. A: I’m going out tonight.
B: Are you? I thought you said ………………………
7. A: John speaks French quite well.
B: Does he? He told me ………………………
8. A: I haven’t seen Ben recently.
B: That’s strange. He told me ………………………

159 Here are some things that Sarah said to you:

− I’ve never been to the United States.

− I don’t have any brothers or sisters.
− Jane has a very well-paid job.
− I’m working tomorrow evening.
− I can’t drive.
− I don’t like fish.
− Jane is a friend of mine.
− Dave is lazy.

But later Sarah says something different to you. What do you say?

Sarah You
1. Dave works very hard. But you said he was lazy.

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2. Let’s have fish for dinner. …………………………………….
3. I’m going to buy a car. …………………………………….
4. Jane is always short of money. …………………………………….
5. My sister lives in Paris. …………………………………….
6. I think New York is a great place. …………………………………….
7. Let’s go out tomorrow evening. …………………………………….
8. I’ve never spoken to Jane. …………………………………….

160 Put the following into Reported Speech.

1. ‘Nothing grows in my garden. It never gets any sun,’ she said.

2. ‘We have moved into our new flat. We don't like it nearly so much as our last
one,’ said my aunt.
3. ‘I’ll come with you as soon as I am ready,’ she replied.
4. He said, ‘I am quite a good cook and I do all my own washing and mending too.’
5. ‘I know exactly what they said,’ the private detective explained to his client,
‘because I bugged their phone.’
6. ‘I’ll sit up till she comes in, but I hope she won’t be late,’ he said.
7. ‘If it rains this afternoon it will be too wet to play the match tomorrow,’ the
captain said.
8. ‘It isn’t so foggy today as it was yesterday,’ I remarked.
9. ‘We have a lift but very often it doesn't work,’ they said.
10. He said, ‘My wife has just been made a judge.’

161 Put the following into Reported Speech.

1. ‘I’ve been in London for a month but so far I haven’t had time to visit the
Tower,’ said Rupert.
2. ‘From one of the windows of my flat I can see the Eiffel Tower,’ he said.

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3. ‘I have a German lesson this afternoon and I haven’t done my homework yet,’
said the small boy.
4. ‘I’m going fishing with mother this afternoon,’ said the small boy, ‘and we are
going into the garden now to dig for worms.’
5. ‘I was intending to do it tomorrow,’ he said, ‘but now I don’t think I’ll be able
to.’
6. ‘I don’t know what your father will say when he sees what a mess your puppies
have made of this five-pound note,’ said my mother.
7. ‘You must see this exhibition!’ said all my friends.
8. ‘We’re staying in to watch TV,’ he said.

162 If a word or phrase in bold is correct, put a tick. If it is incorrect, rewrite it

correctly.

1. On Monday, my boss said I can take Wednesday off, but he changed his mind
today for some reason. ……………………..
2. The receptionist said that if I wanted to have breakfast, I will have to pay extra.
……………………..
3. A lot of people at school have said that Andrew may get the lead in the school
play. ……………………..
4. Colin said he’d been planning to ask Rich to move in with him for ages.
……………………..
5. Lucy says she would let us know as soon as she gets the tickets.
……………………..
6. Jordan said that she has to get up at five thirty every morning.
……………………..
7. Before he got his results, Philip said that he may have to retake some exams, but
now he knows he doesn’t have to. ……………………..
8. Did Mrs Morgan say why she’d called? ……………………..

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9. Paul said he should be here tomorrow night at about nine. ……………………..
10. Dan said he must drive to Liverpool that night, but apparently he didn’t go in the
end. ……………………..

163 Complete using the correct form of the verb in brackets.

1. Stewart said he _________________ (not/want) any dessert as he was full.

2. Derek said that he and Belinda _________________ (see) Adam recently.
3. Marcus said he _________________________ (try) to find a flat for ages before
he finally found one he liked.
4. When I called, Susie said she ____________________ (give) the dog a bath, so
she asked me to phone back in half an hour.
5. Debbie says she ____________________ (decide) to quit her job, but I don’t
believe her.
6. Our English teacher said that Shakespeare ______________________ (be)
probably the greatest writer in the English language ever.
7. Richard said he and Patricia ____________________ (be going to) invite her
parents for the weekend, but I don’t know if they went or not.
8. Charlotte said last night that she really ______________________ (love) me,
even if she doesn’t always show it.
9. Ollie said to Linda that he _____________________ (ask) me to be his best man
on Monday, but in fact he asked Grant.
10. Pete told Francis his grandparents ________________________ (bring him up).

Reported questions
o We use reported questions when we want to say what someone else asked.
e.g. Tim asked Tom if he wanted to go shopping with him.

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 o We use the same rules regarding tense, pronoun and time and place
word/phrase changes with reported questions as we do with reported
statements.

Direct speech Reported speech Example

have, do, be or use if or whether ‘Can you get me an ice cream, Tom?’
modal (i.e. yes/no asked Tim.
questions) Tim asked Tom if/whether he could get
him an ice cream.

what, who, which, what, who, which, ‘Why did you buy these shoes?’ asked
when, where, why when, where, why Tim.
and how and how Tim asked me why I had bought those
shoes.

WATCH OUT!!!
In direct questions we use the question form and question marks (Can you…?).
In reported questions we don’t use the question form or question marks (asked if he
could…).

164 Rewrite as reported questions, beginning with the words given.

1. Have you had your ear pierced?

My mum asked me if ……………………………………………
2. Can I meet you there at six o’clock tonight, Doug?
Julian wanted to know whether ……………………………………………
3. Are you still moving to Blackpool next week?
Fiona asked Rod and Jenny whether ……………………………………………
4. Does Graham have to wear a suit to work?
I asked Mrs Daley if Graham ……………………………………………
5. Do you want someone to feed your cat while you’re away?
Jane asked me if ……………………………………………

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6. Can you guess what I’ve given Lindsay for her birthday?
Daisy asked Wendy if ……………………………………………
7. Do you love me or not, Gloria?
Fred asked Gloria whether ……………………………………………
8. Will Simon be coming to the party tomorrow night?
Adrian wondered whether ……………………………………………

165 Write these sentences as reported questions. Begin with:

He / She asked …….

1. Am I late?
2. Is it cold outside?
3. Are they in Paris?
4. Is the bus stop near the shopping centre?
5. Is the milk fresh?
6. Are you a doctor?
7. Are James and Lucy from France?
8. Is my brother in the garden?
9. Is the weather good in Shanghai in the summer?
10. Does Julie drink tea?
11. Do you like chocolate?
12. Do they own a flat?
13. Does David often go to the cinema?
14. Do the children study Chinese?
15. Do they go on holiday every summer?
16. Does your sister live in Stockholm?
17. Do I talk too much?
18. Does Jennifer want a new job?
19. Does it rain a lot in London?

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20. Is John at home?

166 Write these sentences as reported questions.

1. “Do you like Marlon Brandon?” she asked.

2. “Are you enjoying yourself?” he asked.
3. “Does your father work here?” she asked.
4. “Do you live near your father?” he asked.
5. “Are you a foreigner?” she asked.
6. “Have you met Danny before?” he asked.
7. “Are you hungry?” he asked.
8. “Did you borrow my dictionary?” he asked.
9. “Have you finished your exams?” she asked.
10. “Did you invite Judy and Mitch?” he asked.
11. “Does your brother live in London?” she asked.
12. “Do you know who broke the window?” he asked.

167 Write these sentences as reported questions. Begin with:

He / She asked …….

1. Why is Julie sad?

2. What’s for dinner?
3. Who is the woman in the red dress?
4. How is your grandmother?
5. When is the party?
6. How much is the rent on your flat?
7. Where are the glasses?
8. Who is the Prime Minister of Canada?
9. How is the weather in Chicago?

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10. Where do you usually go swimming?
11. What does Luke do at the weekend?
12. Where do your parents live?
13. Who do you go running with?
14. When does Lucy get up?
15. How much TV do you watch?
16. How many books do they own?
17. Where does John work?
18. What do the children study on Fridays?
19. Why do you study English?
20. Where is the post office?

168 Write these sentences as reported questions. Start with:

He / She wanted to know……….

1. “What’s your name?” he asked.

2. “How old are you?” he asked.
3. “When does the train leave?” the man asked.
4. “Why you won’t let me in?” he shouted.
5. “Who did you see at the meeting?” my mother asked.
6. “Why did you take my wallet?” he asked.
7. “How did you get to the office?” she asked.
8. “Where do you live?” the boy asked.
9. “Why wasn’t Judy at the party?” she asked.
10. “Why didn’t you telephone?” my father asked.
11. “Why are you so late?” the teacher asked.
12. “Why didn’t the police report the crime?” the judge asked.

169 Report the police-officer’s questions to the shop owner.

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1. What’s your name?
2. Did you see the robbers?
3. What were they wearing?
4. How do you think they got in?
5. What did they take?
6. Has this ever happened before?

170 Make reported questions. Use ‘She asked me…’ at the beginning of each
sentence.

1. Where is he?
2. What are you doing?
3. Why did you go out last night?
4. Who was that beautiful woman?
5. How is your mother?
6. What are you going to do at the weekend?
7. Where will you live after graduation?
8. What were you doing when I saw you?
9. How was the journey?
10. How often do you go to the cinema?
11. Do you live in London?
12. Did he arrive on time?
13. Have you been to Paris?
14. Can you help me?
15. Are you working tonight?
16. Will you come later?
17. Do you like coffee?
18. Is this the road to the station?
19. Did you do your homework?
20. Have you studied reported speech before?

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 Orders and Requests
An ‘order’ is when somebody tells you to do something.
We can use ‘tell’ with infinitives to report orders:
e.g. Jim’s mum: Wash your hands! Dinner’s ready!
 She told him to wash his hands.
e.g. Jim’s mum: Don’t touch that pan – it’s hot!
 She told him not to touch the pan.

tell + someone + (not) to do something

A ‘request’ is when somebody asks you to do something – usually politely. We can

use ‘ask’ with infinitives to report requests:
e.g. Jim’s mum: Can you wash your hands? Dinner’s ready!
 She asked him to wash his hands.
e.g. Jim’s mum: Don’t touch that pan – it’s hot!
 She asked him not to touch the pan.

ask + someone + (not) to do something

Other verbs used to report orders and requests in this way are: command, order,
warn, ask, advise, invite, beg, teach, forbid.

171 Rewrite these sentences in reported speech using the words given.

1. “Make some coffee, Bob”, Carol said. (ask)

2. “You must do the homework soon, Jane”, she said. (tell)
3. “Remember to buy a map, Ann” he said. (tell)
4. “Keep all the windows closed, Bill” they said. (ask)

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5. “Go home, Paul”, Francis said. (tell)
6. “Please stay for supper, Bob”, he said. (ask)
7. “You should see a doctor, Mrs Clark”, he said. (advise)
8. The man with the gun said to us, “Don’t move!” (order)
9. “Get out of the car!” said the policeman. (order)
10. “Could you please be quiet,” she said. (ask)

172 Rewrite the sentences into reported commands.

1. “Don’t open this box, please.” (Greg to Rob)

2. “Don’t wait for me after school.” (Sally to Frank)
3. “Don’t sit on my chair.” (Barbara to John)
4. “Don’t forget to learn the new words.” (The teacher to the students)
5. “Don’t turn right here.” (The driving instructor to Carla)
6. “Don’t be lavish in spending.” (Tom to Rebecca)
7. “Don’t be rude to your parents.” (Mr Hole to Chris)
8. “Don’t answer back to your teacher.” (Lucy to Nick)
9. “Don’t buy this terrible coat.” (Mum to Dana)
10. “Don’t eat fatty food.” (The doctor to Mrs Gris)

Reporting verbs
o Different reporting verbs take different grammatical patterns. Some verbs can
take more than one pattern.
 deny (verb + noun): e.g. Katie denied the accusation.
 deny (verb + that clause): e.g. Katie denied (that) she was a shoplifter.
 deny (verb + ing): e.g. Katie denied stealing the chocolate biscuits.

173 Complete using the correct form of the verbs in the box.

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 agree, apologise, ask, claim, deny, order, refuse,
state, suggest, tell

1. If you want ………………………. me a question, put your hand up.

2. I ………………………. very clearly several times already that this government
is not going to be blackmailed by terrorists.
3. The general ………………………. the soldiers to retreat, which they did as
quickly as they could!
4. Isabelle, ………………………. that story about the giraffe. I love that story!
5. Glenda still ………………………. to me for losing my CD player.
6. If you ………………………. to cooperate with the police, you would have
been in big trouble!
7. I’d like ………………………. waiting a few more days before we make a final
decision.
8. The politician ………………………. having done anything wrong, despite the
evidence against him.
9. I ………………………. to help you with your homework, not do it all for you!
10. Some thieves ………………………. to be electricity meter readers so they can
gain access to people’s houses.

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 PROGRESS TEST 4

A Turn the following sentences into reported speech.

1. ‘I’m the fastest runner in the school,’ Paul said.

2. ‘I get up every day at 6.30,’ she said.
3. ‘Would you like to come to my party?’ she said to him.
4. ‘Can I borrow your pen?’ she said to the man.
5. ‘I can swim 5,000 metres,’ he said.
6. ‘I’ll phone you every week while I’m away,’ she said to him.
7. ‘I forgot to phone the doctor,’ he said.
8. ‘I’m thinking about it,’ Jane said.
9. ‘Everybody likes comedy films,’ John said.
10. ‘Jack was reading the paper,’ she said.
11. ‘Scientists don’t understand everything,’ she said.
12. ‘I’ve decided to look for a new job,’ Kate said.

B Complete each sentence by reporting what was said to you yesterday. Use ‘said’
and change the tense in the reported speech.

13. Katherine: I’m really tired.

When I saw Katherine yesterday, she said …………………………………….
14. Tessa: I feel quite excited.
When I saw Tessa yesterday, ………………………………………………….
15. Dan: I can’t remember the password.
When I saw Dan yesterday, …………….…………………………………….
16. Robert: I won’t be at the next meeting.
When I saw Robert yesterday, …………….…………………………………….

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17. The twins: We’ve got a problem.
When I saw the twins yesterday, …………….………………………………….
18. Michelle: I’ve been swimming.
When I saw Michelle yesterday, …………….………………………………….
19. Your friends: We would like to be in the show.
When I saw my friends yesterday, …………….………………………………..
20. Adrian: I don’t need any help.
When I saw Adrian yesterday, …………….…………………………………….
21. Lucy: My sister is coming to see me.
When I saw Lucy yesterday, …………….……………………………………...

C Decide which word is correct.

22. What did that man say …….?

A at you B for you C to you
23. I rang my friend in Australia yesterday, and she said it ……. raining there.
A is B was C should be
24. The last time I saw Jonathan, he looked very relaxed. He explained that he’d
been on holiday the ……. week.
A earlier B following C previous
25. I wonder ……. the tickets are on sale yet.
A what B that C whether
26. I told you ……. switch off the heater, didn’t I?
A not B don’t C not to
27. Someone ……. me there’s been an accident on the motorway.
A told B said C asked
28. When I rang Tessa some time last week, she said she was busy ……. day.
A this B that C then
29. When he was at Oliver’s flat yesterday, Martin asked if he ……. use the

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 shower.
A may B could C can
30. Stacey ……. going for a walk, but no one else wanted to.
A admitted B promised C suggested

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15 Conditionals

Conditionals are clauses introduced with if. The main types of conditionals are: Type 0,
Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3.
Conditional clauses consist of two parts: the if-clause (hypothesis) and the main clause
(result). When the if-clause comes before the main clause, the two clauses are separated
with a comma.
When the main clause comes before the if-clause, then no comma is necessary.
e.g. If the weather is good tomorrow, we will go to the beach.
e.g. We will go to the beach if the weather is good tomorrow.

Type 0 conditionals (general truth)

If - clause Main clause

If + present simple present simple

They are used to express something which is always true. We can use when
(=whenever) instead of if.
e.g. If /When it rains, the roads get slippery and dangerous.

Type 1 conditionals (real present)

If - clause Main clause

If + present simple/ present future /imperative
cont./ present perfect/ present can/may/might/must
perfect cont. should/could + present
bare infinitive

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They are used to express real or very probable situations in the present or future.
e.g. If we work hard, we’ll finish the project on time.
e.g. If you have finished your work, we can go for a walk.

Type 2 conditionals (unreal present)

If - clause Main clause

If + past simple or past continuous would/could/might + bare infinitive

They are used to express imaginary situations which are contrary to facts in the present
and, therefore, are unlikely to happen in the present or future. They are also used to
give advice.
e.g. If I saw a ghost, I would run away. (not likely to happen)
e.g. If I were you, I wouldn’t go out with him. (advice)

Type 3 conditionals (unreal past)

If - clause Main clause

If + past perfect or past perfect would/could/might + perfect bare
continuous infinitive

They are used to express imaginary situations which are contrary to facts in the past. They
are also used to express regrets or criticism.
e.g. If I had locked the car, it wouldn’t have been stolen. (regret; it’s a pity I didn’t lock
it)
e.g. If he had behaved well, the teacher wouldn’t have punished him. (criticism)

We do not normally use will, would or should in an if-clause. However, we can use will

160
or would after if to make a polite request or express insistence or uncertainty (usually
with expressions such as I don’t know, I doubt, I wonder, etc.). We can use should after if
to talk about something which is possible, but not very likely to happen (slight
possibility).
e.g. a) If the weather is fine tomorrow, we will go camping. (NOT: If the weather will
be fine …)
b) If you will fill in this form, I’ll process your application. (Will you please fill
in… − polite request)
c) If you will not stop shouting, you’ll have to leave. (if you insist on shouting… −
insistence)
d) I don’t know if he will pass his exams. (uncertainty)
e) If Tom should call, tell him I’ll be late. (We do not think that Tom is very likely
to call.)

We can form conditionals by using words/ expressions such as unless (= if not, Type 1
conditionals), providing/provided that, so/as long as, on condition (that), what if,
suppose/supposing, otherwise (= if not), and, or (else), but for, even if, in case of/in the
event of, etc. The verb is always in the affirmative after unless.
e.g. Unless you leave now, you’ll miss the bus. (=If you don’t leave now, you’ll miss the
bus.) (NOT: Unless you don’t leave now, …)
e.g. I’ll water the plants providing/provided (that) I have time this afternoon. (…if I have
time)
e.g. ‘I’ll take Dad’s car tomorrow night.’ ‘What if he needs it?’ (= What will you do if he
needs it?)
e.g. Suppose/supposing you were fired, what would you do? (= if you were fired, …)

We can use were instead of was for all persons in the if-clause of Type 2 conditionals.
e.g. If Rick was/were here, we could have a party.

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We use If I were you… when we want to give advice.
e.g. If I were you, I wouldn’t complain about it.
We can omit if in the if-clause. When if is omitted, should (Type 1), were (Type 2), had
(Type 3) and the subject are inverted.
e.g. Should Peter come, tell him to wait. (= if Peter should come, …)
e.g. Were I you, I wouldn’t trust him. (= if I were you, …)
e.g. Had he known, he would have called. (= if he had known, …)

174 Make Type 1 conditional sentences using the prompts, as in the example.

e.g. If we cut down all the forests, the world’s climate will change.
1. cut down / all forests / world’s climate / change
2. not stop / use / aerosols / destroy / ozone layer
3. find / alternative sources of energy / solve / some of our environmental problems
4. temperatures / go up / by a few degrees / sea levels / rise
5. recycle / waste / save / natural resources
6. population / continue to increase / not be enough food for everyone

175 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.

1. If I find your passport, I ……………. (telephone) you at once.

2 Someone ……………. (steal) your car if you leave it unlocked.
3. What will happen if my parachute ……………. (not open)?
4. The police ……………. (arrest) him if they catch him.
5. If she ……………. (need) a radio, she can borrow mine.
6. If you ……………. (not go) away, I’ll send for the police.
7. If he ……………. (be) late, we’ll go without him.
8. She will be absolutely furious if she ……………. (hear) about this.
9. Ice ……………. (turn) to water if you heat it.

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10. If you put on the kettle, I ……………. (make) the tea.
11. If he ……………. (go) on telling lies, nobody will believe a word he says.
12. Unless he ……………. (sell) more, he won’t get much commission.
13. If you give my dog a bone, he ……………. (bury) it at once.
14. Tell him to ring me up if you ……………. (see) him.

176 Combine each pair of basic sentences into one complex sentence with if-clause, as
in the example.

e.g. Anne may have free time. She will go to the folk concert then. − If Anne has
free time, she will go to the folk concert.
1. The film may be boring. We’ll go home then.
2. Jane may have to wait for her husband. She will try to solve the crossword then.
3. John may fly to New York on Saturday. We will postpone the party then.
4. Oscar may book a room in that hotel. He won’t trouble you then.
5. The hotel may be full. We’ll have to go to another hotel then.
6. Mrs Cramer may need money. She’ll go to the bank then.
7. We may not hear from him today. We’ll send him a telegram then.
8. Helen may be out. Her mother will take your message then.
9. It may stop raining. We’ll go through the park then.
10. It may rain. The children won’t go to the park then.
11. Constance may meet some friends tomorrow evening. She won’t come to our party
then.

177 Fill in the correct form of the verbs adding will, would or should if necessary.

1. If you …should see… (see) Ann, will you give her this message? (slight possibility)
2. We’ll go skiing in the mountains if it …………………. (snow). (possibility)
3. If he …………………. (keep) taking, he’ll never learn anything! (insistence)

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4. Perhaps I could sit there too if you ………….. (move) over a little. (polite request)
5. If you ………………. (lend) me your car, I’ll get to work on time. (request)
6. What will you do if you ……………… (lose) your ticket? (slight possibility)
7. If you ………………. (eat) so many sweets, you will get stomach-ache. (insistence)
8. If I ………………. (arrive) earlier than planned, I’ll phone you. (slight possibility)

178 Complete the sentences. What happens if?

e.g. If you don’t get enough sleep, __________. − If you don’t get enough sleep,
you always feel tired.
e.g. _________ , you get sunburnt. − If you sit in the hot sun for too long, you get
sunburnt.
1. If you run uphill, ____________________.
2. If you drink too much alcohol, _____________________.
3. If you get caught in the rain without an umbrella, _____________________.
4. If you stand in the cold for a long time, __________________.
5. If you don’t have a job, __________________________.
6. ________________________, you put on weight.
7. ________________________, you lose weight.
8. ________________________, your eyes get tired.
9. ________________________, you get a smoker’s cough.
10. _______________________, you get tooth decay.

179 Match the items in column A with those in column B in order to make correct Type
0 conditional sentences, as in the example.

e.g. 1 – d …If you wash woolen clothes in hot water, they shrink …
A B

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1 Wash woolen clothes in hot water. a They die.
2 Put food in the fridge. b It becomes ice.
3 Don’t water plants. c It gets rusty.
4 Put water in the freezer. d They shrink.
5 Leave metal out in the rain. e It falls to the ground.
6 Drop something. f It stays fresh for longer.
7 Throw a pebble into the sea. g You get green.
8 Mix blue and yellow. h It sinks.

180 A friend of yours is going to Monaco. You have been there before. What
information do you give him/her? First, match the items in column A to the ones in
column B, then make sentences, as in the example.

e.g. …If you want to stay at a five-star hotel, go to the Hotel de Paris. It’s very
luxurious…
A

1. stay at a five-star hotel …g…

2. dine out ……..
3. visit a museum ………
4. see a play ……..
5. watch athletics events ……
6. see beautiful flowers …….
7. observe wild animals …….
8. go shopping …….

a Princess Grace Rose Garden (open every day)

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b the Oceanographic Museum (popular with tourists)
c the Casino Square (designer shops)
d Andre’s Restaurant (French food)
e the Louis II Stadium (international competitions)
f the Zoological Gardens (recently modernized)
g the Hotel de Paris (very luxurious)
h the Fort Antoine Theatre (open-air performances)

181 Underline the correct form of the verb.

My brother Kevin has always been a fitness fanatic. He believes that if you 1) look
after/ looked after your body, it will look after you. Whenever anyone is ill, he 2) says/
will say, ‘If they had taken care of themselves, they 3) wouldn’t get/ wouldn’t have got
ill’. And the same thing 4) happens/ will happen to me if I 5) didn’t keep fit/don’t
keep fit. I would often say to him, ‘If I were you, Kevin, I 6) would try/ would have
tried to slow down a little bit. You will wear yourself out.’
Last month, however, I went to the doctor’s and he told me that I was unfit. He said that
if I 7) don’t start/ didn’t start taking regular exercise, I 8) would be/ would have been
in danger of becoming ill. I started going to the gym with Kevin and, after a week, I said
to him, ‘I feel better already. If I 9) know/ had known how good it feels to exercise, I
10) would start/ would have started years ago!’

182 Combine each pair of basic sentences into one complex as shown in the example.

e.g. Sam has a cold. He won’t come to class tomorrow. − If Sam didn’t have a
cold, he would come to class tomorrow.
1. Margaret is busy. She won’t be able to visit her friends.
2. Barbara likes sweets too much. She won’t get slim.
3. James feels exhausted. He won’t be able to sit up late.

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4. Paul doesn’t feel hungry. He won’t go to the cafeteria.
5. Stan is preparing for his examinations. He won’t go boating.
6. Mrs Pierce doesn’t like pop music. She won’t go to the concert.
7. Tom is getting married next month. He won’t go to the mountains.
8. I don’t like horror stories. I won’t buy this book.
9. We want to catch an early train. We won’t watch this program tonight.
10. Mrs Smith feels hurt. She won’t do this for us.

183 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1. She would have come to dinner if we …had invited… (invite) her.

2. If you had locked the door, the burglars ……………….. (not/get) in.
3. Joan ……………….. (be able to) come to the party if she wasn’t working.
4. Had I heard any news, I ……………… (tell) you immediately.
5. Paul …………………….. (ruin) his shirt if he climbs that tree.
6. If Mark ………………… (be) younger, he could join the army.
7. She would have stayed at home if she ……………… (know) there would be so
much traffic.
8. Should he ……………. (get) this job, he will be able to buy his own flat.
9. If you ……………. (put) your keys in your pocket, you wouldn’t have lost them.
10. She will be here at eight unless she ……………… (lose) her way.
11. If I were you, I ………………… (not/go) out in this weather.
12. Emily ………………. (call) me if she had changed her mind.
13. If you like Tom Cruise, you ……………….. (love) this film.
14. Dave …………………. (be) home at six o’clock, provided he catches the five
o’clock bus.

184 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.

1. If he worked more slowly, he …………………. (not/make) so many mistakes.

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2. I shouldn’t drink that wine if I …………………….. (be) you.
3. More tourists would come to this country if it …………….. (have) a better
climate.
4. I ……………………… (buy) shares in that company if I had some money.
5. I ………………… (be) ruined if I bought her everything she asked for.
6. What ……….. you …………… (do) if you found a burglar in your house?
7. If he knew that it was dangerous, he ………………….. (not/come).
8. If you slept under a mosquito net, you …………. (not/be) bitten so often.
9. I could get a job easily if I ………………… (have) a degree.
10. If she ………………. (do) her hair differently, she might look quite nice.
11. I ………………….. (keep) a horse if I could afford it.
12. If you ………………. (change) your job would it affect your pension?
13. I ……………………. (offer) to help if I thought I’d be any use.

185 Underline the correct word or expression.

1. I’ll lend you the money on condition that / unless you pay it back soon.
2. Even if / But for her help, I’d be in trouble now.
3. Unless / Provided it stops raining, we won’t be going to the park.
4. I couldn’t lend them the money even if / or I wanted to.
5. Try to be here on time, and / otherwise we’ll miss the beginning of the film.
6. ‘I’ll wear Mum’s necklace for the party.’ ‘What if / Otherwise you lose it?’
7. Supposing / Providing we went to London – what could we do there?
8. Be late again provided / and you’ll have to see the manager.
9. In case of / On condition that an emergency, call this number.
10. You can go to the party in case of / as long as you are home before 11 pm.
11. Don’t shout or / what if you’ll wake the baby.

186 Change the following sentences as shown in the example.

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 e.g. The boy didn’t play tennis because it was windy. − If it hadn’t been windy,
the boy would have played tennis.

1. Helen didn’t stay on after dinner because she was tired.

2. Mrs Barton didn’t make an apple pie because Henry didn’t ask her to.
3. The girl was unhappy because her parents were displeased with her.
4. The children didn’t watch television because mother didn’t allow them to.
5. Mr Alien didn’t cash the check because the bank was closed.
6. Ralph introduced his friends to Kate because she didn’t know them.
7. Bob was angry because his friends didn’t agree with him.
8. Mr Lane didn’t work in the garden because the weather was cold.
9. Monica stayed at home because she had a sore throat.
10. Mr Kelly took his umbrella because it was raining.
11. He had difficulty with his English because English was not his mother tongue.
12. He learned French because he wanted to read French poetry in the original.

187 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1. If I …were… (be) you, I wouldn’t drive in the snow.

2. Peter ………………….. (be able to) help you if he was here.
3. If I had closed the window, the cat …………………….. (not/jump) out.
4. I ………………… (call) for help if I got stuck in a lift.
5. Had I known him, I ………………………… (talk) to him.
6. John ……………………. (may/lose) his job if he is rude to the boss.
7. If you …………………. (save) some money, you would have been able to go on
holiday last year.
8. You may win if you ……………………. (take) part in the contest.
9. If I had toothache, I ……………………………. (go) to the dentist.
10. They would have helped us move house if we ……………………. (ask) them.

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11. If Jane ………………. (be) older, she could live by herself.
12. We would have changed our plans if we …………………. (hear) the weather
forecast.
13. Emma …………………….. (send) a card if she had remembered it was their
anniversary.
14. Robert ………………………….. (feel) better if you talked to him.
15. If Sam was still living nearby, you (can/invite) him for dinner.
16. If you ………………….. (put) your money in your wallet, you will not lose it.
17. If you ………………… (like) chocolate, you will love this cake.
18. If Bill …………………… (come) home early, he will eat dinner with us.
19. Sandra will join us later unless she ………………… (have) a lot of work to do.

188 Choose the correct answer.

1. ‘I can’t find my wallet.’

‘If I were you, I …A… in my jacket pocket.
A would look B will look C am looking
2. ‘Where is my bank book?’
‘If you ……… in the drawer, you’ll find it.’
A had looked B look C looked
3. ‘………….. we get up on time, we will catch the train.’
‘I will set my alarm clock.’
A Supposing B Providing C Unless
4. ‘Can I go and play football, please, Mum?’
‘If you …………. your homework, you can go and play.’
A finished B had finished C have finished
5. ‘Dad shouted at me today.’
‘Well, if you …………. the window, he wouldn’t have shouted at you.’
A didn’t break B hadn’t broken C don’t break

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6. ‘Why is the baby crying?’
‘……….. babies are tired or hungry, they cry.’
A when B providing C supposing
7. ‘When ice melts, it ……. water.’
‘Everyone knows that!’
A becomes B will become C would become
8. ‘I’m going to a party tonight.’
‘If I wasn’t ill, I ……… with you.’
A come B will come C would come
9. ‘………. we miss the buss, what will we do?’
‘Call a taxi.’
A Supposing B Providing C When
10. ‘If I were rich, I ……. around the world.’
‘Perhaps you will one day.’
A will sail B can sail C could sail
11. ‘Have you seen Daniel recently?’
‘No. If I have time, I ……….. him tomorrow.’
A would visit B might visit C visit
12. ‘Paul lost his watch.’
‘Well, if he had looked after it, he ………. it.’
A wouldn’t lose B won’t lose C wouldn’t have lost
13. ‘…………. you hurry, you will be late for school.’
‘I’m nearly ready now.’
A Unless B Providing C Supposing
14. ‘If you hadn’t watched that film, you ……… nightmares.’
‘You’re right.’
A wouldn’t have had B won’t have C don’t have

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 Mixed conditionals
All types of conditionals can be mixed. Any tense combination is possible if the context
permits it.
If-clause Main clause
Type 2 If nobody phoned him, he won’t come to the meeting. Type 1
Type 2 If he knew her, he would have spoken to her. Type 3
Type 3 If he had found a job, he wouldn’t be searching for one now. Type 2

189 Rewrite the following as mixed conditional sentences.

1. She didn’t study hard. She won’t pass the exams.

…If she had studied hard, she would pass the exams ……………………………...
2. You didn’t wake me up. Now I’m late for my appointment.
………………………………………………………………………………………...
3. She isn’t well-qualified. She didn’t get the job.
………………………………………………………………………………………...
4. We didn’t go to the restaurant. We don’t like fast food.
………………………………………………………………………………………...
5. She didn’t bring her umbrella. Now, she’s getting wet.
………………………………………………………………………………………...
6. I don’t know them very well, so I didn’t go to the party.
………………………………………………………………………………………...
7. He isn’t at the lecture because he wasn’t told about it.
………………………………………………………………………………………...
8. They didn’t take a map with them. They’re lost now.
………………………………………………………………………………………...
9. The driver isn’t careful. He crashed his car into a wall.
………………………………………………………………………………………...

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10. I didn’t buy tickets. We can’t go to the theatre tonight.
………………………………………………………………………………………...
11. He didn’t reserve a table. He has to wait for an hour.
………………………………………………………………………………………...
12. Sue forgot to go to the bank. Now she can’t go shopping.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
13. They missed their flight. They won’t arrive until tomorrow.
…………………………………………………………………………………………

Wishes
We use the verb wish and the expression if only to express a wish. If only is more
emphatic than I wish.

wish/if only + past simple/past continuous

This structure is used when we want to say that we would like something to be different
in the present.
e.g. I wish/If only I didn’t have to take the train to work every day.

wish/if only + past perfect

This structure is used to express regret that something happened or did not happen in the
past.
e.g. I wish/If only I hadn’t stolen the motorbike.

wish/if only + would

This structure is used:
a) for a polite imperative.
b) to express our desire for a change in a situation or someone’s behaviour.
e.g. I wish you would pay more attention!

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 e.g. I wish/If only he wouldn’t give me so much work.

In wishes, we go one tense back. This means we use Past Simple in the present and Past
Perfect in the past.
e.g. I’m poor. I wish I were rich. (present)
e.g. I lost my watch yesterday. I wish I hadn’t lost it. (past)
After the subject pronouns I and we, we use could instead of would.
e.g. I wish I could travel abroad. (NOT: I wish I would travel …)
Note: We can use were instead of was after wish or if only.
e.g. I wish he were/was more careful.

190 Match the items in column A with those in column B in order to make complaints
using would/wouldn’t. Then decide which person from the list is making each
complaint.
shopkeeper, business, traffic warden, flight attendant, doctor, campsite owner,
lifeguard

e.g. 1 – e …’I wish my staff would get to work on time’, says the businessman…

A B

1 I wish my staff … a take their medication properly

2 If only drivers … b be more polite
3 I wish passengers … c not light fires in the forest
4 If only the customers … d park illegally
5 I wish campers … e get to work on time
6 If only patients … f follow the safety regulations
7 I wish bathers … g put their luggage in the lockers

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191 Using the bold type in the sentences, write wishes as in the example.

1. You are leaving for the airport. You can’t find your passport.
You say: …“I wish I could find my passport.”………….
2. You live in the suburbs. You prefer the city centre.
You say: ……………………………………………………………………..………
3. You argued with your mother yesterday. Today she is upset.
You say: ……………………………………………………………………………..
4. You didn’t clean your bedroom and your mother is angry.
You say: ……………………………………………………………………………..
5. You want to go on holiday but you can’t afford it.
You say: …………………………………………………………………………......

192 Write sentences as in the example.

1. You want to visit your friend but you’ve got too much work to do.
I wish I didn’t have so much work to do. If I didn’t have so much work to do, I
could visit my friend.
2. You went to bed late and didn’t wake up in the time for work.
………………………………………………………………………………………
3. You want to go to the safari park with Michael, but you’re afraid of lions.
………………………………………………………………………………………
4. You would like to write a letter to Fred but you don’t have his address.
………………………………………………………………………………………
5. You went skiing and broke your leg.
………………………………………………………………………………………
6. You didn’t go to the concert because you didn’t know about it.
………………………………………………………………………………………
7. You have to stay in bed because you’ve got the flu.

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 ………………………………………………………………………………………
8. You are lost in London because you don’t have a map.
………………………………………………………………………………………

193 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1. A: I wish Paul …would tell… (tell) me what is wrong with him.

B: Yes. He seems very upset, doesn’t he?
2. A: I wish I ……………………… (not/shout) at the children like that.
B: Why? They were being very naughty.
3. A: I wish you …………………. (tidy) your room more often.
B: Sorry, I’ll try to.
4. A: I wish I …………………. (practice) harder before the concert.
B: I thought you performed very well.
5. A: If only Stuart ………………… (call) me.
B: Don’t worry. I’m sure he’ll phone soon.
6. A: I wish I ………………… (be) back at school again.
B: Those were great days, weren’t they?
7. A: I wish Mark …………… (stop) playing his music so loudly.
B: Why don’t you ask him to turn it down?
8. A: If only I ……………… (buy) those shoes we saw today.
B: Why not go back and buy them tomorrow?
9. A: I wish you ………………. (try) harder with your Maths homework.
B: Sorry. I find it very difficult.
10. A: If only we ……………. (go) to France last summer.
B: We could go this year if you like.
11. A: I wish I …………….. (afford) some new CDs.
B: Would you like to borrow some of mine?
12. A: If only it ……………. (stop) raining.

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 B: Yes. Then we could go for a walk.
13. A: Are you going to Joanne’s party on Saturday?
B: No. I wish I ………………. (go), because I’m sure it will be fun.
14. A: I wish you …………. (help) with the housework more often.
B: What would you like me to do?
15. A: I’m bored. I wish I ……………. (arrange) to go out this evening.
B: I’m going to the cinema. Why don’t you come, too?

194 Choose the right tense after ‘wish’ and ‘if only’.

e.g. It’s a pity he doesn’t speak English.

 Yes, I wish he spoke English.
 Yes, if only he spoke English.
1. It’s a pity she’s in hospital.
2. It’s a pity he wasn’t elected.
3. It’s a pity she doesn’t like you.
4. It’s a pity he didn’t recognize you.
5. It’s a pity they didn’t come.
6. It’s a pity she can’t play anymore.
7. It’s a pity they left so soon.
8. It’s a pity she’s unhappy.
9. It’s a pity she’s deaf.
10. It’s a pity they weren’t at home.

195 Rewrite the following, using a ‘wish’ construction (phrases in brackets should be
omitted).

1. I’m sorry I haven’t got a washing machine.

2. I’m sorry I don’t live near my work.

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3. I’m sorry our garden doesn’t get any sun.
4. I’m sorry I don’t know Finnish.
5. I’m sorry I didn’t book a seat.
6. I’m sorry I called him a liar.
7. I’m sorry I can’t drive.
8. I’d like Tom to drive more slowly (but I haven’t any great hopes of this).
9. I’d like you to wait for me (even though you are ready to start now).
10. I’d like him to cut his hair (but I don’t suppose he will).
11. I’m sorry I left my last job.
12. I’d like you to keep quiet. (You are making so much noise that I can’t think)
13. I’m sorry that theatre tickets cost so much.
14. I would like it to stop raining (but I’m not very hopeful).

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 PROGRESS TEST 5

1 Choose the correct item.

1. If the weather were fine, they … out of town.

A go C gone
B would go D had gone
2. If Tom had enough money, he … to the USA long ago.
A went C have gone
B would have gone D would go
3. If I … their language, I could understand what they were saying.
A had known C know
B will know D knew
4. We … win the cup if we keep playing this well.
A will C could have
B are D are winning
5. If you touch a socket with wet hands, you … an electric shock.
A will get C would have got
B would get D would have been got
6. If I … noticed Nick, I would have stopped him.
A − C have
B had D would have
7. “Listen to me, Mary! The officer says I cannot go abroad now! I wish I ... the
parking fine! I’m so sorry!”
A paid C had paid
B pay D would pay
8. If I … you, I would apologize to her.
A was C were

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 B had been D will be
9. If you live in Australia, January ... in the middle of summer.
A is C will be
B was D would be
10. If Jane … this medicine yesterday, she would feel better now.
A take C taken
B took D had taken
11. When we ... to the cinema, we … popcorn.
A will go; will eat C go; would eat
B will go; eat D go; eat
12. If the weather … fine, he will go out of town.
A was C will
B is D were
13. If it hadn’t been raining yesterday, we … on a trip.
A would have gone C would go
B have gone D will have gone
14. – If you ... down for a second, I’ll be able to help you. – No, I hate you!
A calm C will calm
B calmed D had calmed
15. If John were playing tonight, we … a better chance of winning.
A would have C have
B would D will have
16. We’ll just go to another restaurant if this one … fully occupied.
A is C will be
B will D has
17. Had the guests come, I … the house.
A must clean C would have cleaned
B will clean D would clean
18. If Rebecca … his phone number before, she would have called him.

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 A have learned C learned
B had learned D learnt
19. They … let you on the plane unless you have a valid passport.
A had C will
B have D won’t
20. If I … a taxi, I would have been there in time.
A had took C had taken
B took D have taken
21. It will save us time and money if we ... the hotel and flight together.
A booked C book
B had booked D will book
22. I … more shopping in this store if things weren’t so expensive here.
A would doing C would do
B did D do
23. If I knew his address, I … to him.
A would write C will write
B wrote D write
24. I’m sure she … forgive you if you apologize.
A will C should
B would D –
25. I need to get to the supermarket very quickly. I wish I ... a car!
A would drive C had driven
B could drive D drive

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 Conclusion

Unlike self-study books, the grammar textbook does not touch on phonetics, it does not have
dialogues with useful colloquial expressions, sets of words for learning, audio and video
applications, its purpose is to give you knowledge of grammar and help to consolidate it.

If you need a detailed course that includes more than just grammar, it is better to use a self-study
guide. And always remember that theory without practice in speech activity will not teach you to
understand or speak. Practice your language! Real communication is much more interesting than
textbooks!

182
 References

1. Alexander L.G. Longman English Grammar Practice for intermediate students /

L.G. Alexander. ‒ Longman, 1990. ‒ 302 p.
2. Coe N. Oxford Living Grammar Intermediate / N. Coe. − Oxford University Press,
2012. – 152 p.
3. Dooley J. Grammarway: English grammar book 3 / J. Dooley, V. Evans. – Express
Publishing, 1999. – 272 p.
4. Dooley J. Grammarway: English grammar book 4 / J. Dooley, V. Evans. – Express
Publishing, 1999. – 278 p.
5. Eastwood J. Oxford Practice Grammar Intermediate Tests with Answer Key / J.
Eastwood. − Oxford University Press, 2019. – 56 p.
6. Evans V. Round-Up 4: English Grammar Book / Virginia Evans. – Longman,
Pearson Education Limited, 2005. – 189 p.
7. Evans V. Round-Up 5: English Grammar Book / Virginia Evans. – Longman,
Pearson Education Limited, 2005. – 208 p.
8. Evans V. Round-Up: English Grammar Practice 6 / V. Evans. − 2.ed. − Longman,
1999. − 256 p.
9. Mann M. Destination B1: Grammar & Vocabulary with Answer Key / M. Mann, S.
Taylore-Knowles. – Macmillan, 2008. ‒ 274 p.
10. Murphy R. English Grammar in Use / R. Murphy. ‒ 3rd ed. − Cambridge
University Press, 2004. ‒ 391 p.
11. Philpot S. Topical Grammar Practice / S. Philpot, L.Curnick. – Scholastic Books,
2007. − 175 p.
12. Swan M. The Good Grammar Book / M. Swan, C. Walter. – Oxford University
Press, 2003. – 324 p.
13. Vince M. Macmillan English Grammar in Context. Intermediate with key / M.
Vince. – Macmillan, 2008. – 233 p.

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14. Walker E. Grammar Practice for Intermediate Students / E. Walker, S. Elsworth.
− New ed. − Longman, 2000. – 174 p.
15. Walker E. Grammar Practice for Upper Intermediate Students with key / E.
Walker, S. Elsworth. − New ed. – Pearson Education Ltd., 2000. – 209 p.

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 Appendix 1: Irregular verbs

Infinitive Past Past Infinitive Past Past

Simple Participle Simple Participle
be was been lie lay lain
bear bore born(e) light lit lit
beat beat beaten lose lost lost
become became become make made made
begin began begun mean meant meant
bite bit bitten meet met met
blow blew blown pay paid paid
break broke broken put put put
bring brought brought read read read
build built built ride rode ridden
burn burnt burnt ring rang rung
burst burst burst rise rose risen
buy bought bought run ran run
catch caught caught say said said
choose chose chosen see saw seen
come came come seek sought sought
cost cost cost sell sold sold
cut cut cut send sent sent
deal dealt dealt set set set
dig dug dug sew sewed sewn
do did done shake shook shaken
draw drew drawn shine shone shone
dream dreamt dreamt shoot shot shot
drink drank drunk show showed shown

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drive drove driven shut shut shut
eat ate eaten sing sang sung
fall fell fallen sit sat sat
feed fed fed sleep slept slept
feel felt felt smell smelt smelt
fight fought fought speak spoke spoken
find found found spell spelt spelt
fly flew flown spend spent spent
forbid forbade forbidden spill spilt spilt
forget forgot forgotten split split split
forgive forgave forgiven spoil spoilt spoilt
freeze froze frozen spread spread spread
get got got spring sprang sprung
give gave given stand stood stood
go went gone steal stole stolen
grow grew grown stick stuck stuck
hang hung hung sting stung stung
have had had strike struck struck
hear heard heard swear swore sworn
hide hid hidden sweep swept swept
hit hit hit swim swam swum
hold held held take took taken
hurt hurt hurt teach taught taught
keep kept kept tear tore torn
know knew known tell told told
lay laid laid think thought thought
lead led led throw threw thrown
learn learnt learnt understand understood understood
leave left left wake woke woken

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lend lent lent wear wore worn
let let let win won won
write wrote written

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 Appendix 2: Punctuation

A Full stop (.), question mark (?) and exclamation mark (!)
A sentence ends with one of these punctuation marks.
Full stop: It’s cold today. The office was closed.
Question mark: Who’s that? Did you see the show?
Exclamation mark: Oh, no! I don’t believe it!
In the US a full stop is called a ‘period’.

B Semi-colon (;)
We can use semi-colon between two separate statements which are linked in meaning.
Melanie is a very kind person; she visits David in hospital every day.
We could also use a full stop here.

C Colon (:)
We can use a colon before an explanation or before a list.
Vicky felt nervous: she hated the dark.
There wasn’t much in the fridge: a couple of sausages, some butter, half a bottle of milk.

D Dash (−)
A dash is rather informal. It is sometimes used instead of a colon or a semi-colon.
I’m having a great time – there’s lots to do here.
Vicky felt nervous − she hated the dark.

E Comma (,)
We often use a comma when we link two statements with and, but or or.
Daniel was tired, and his feet were hurting.
Note the two subjects in each sentence: Daniel … his feet. When there is only one subject, we
do not use a comma.
Daniel sat down and took his shoes off.
We can also use a comma when a sentence has a linking word like when or although.
When the office is busy, Sarah has to work late.

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 Sometimes a comma can separate off an adverb or a phrase.
Sarah, unfortunately, has to work late.
On busy days, Sarah has to work late.
The rules about commas are not very exact. In general, commas are more likely around longer
phrases. With a short phrase there is often no comma.
We also use commas in a list of more than two. The last two are linked by and, often without a
comma.
I went out with Rachel, Vicky, Emma and Matthew.

F Quotation marks (‘’)

We put direct speech in quotation marks.
Laura said, ‘You haven’t put those shelves up yet.’
We normally use a comma to separate the direct speech from the rest of the sentence. The
comma comes before the quotation mark. Quotation marks are also called ‘quotes’ or ‘inverted
commas’.
Double quotation marks are sometimes used.
Laura said, “You haven’t put those shelves up yet.”
We can put quotation marks around titles.
Do you watch that American comedy series called ‘Roseanne’?
We often use quotation marks when we mention a word or phrase.
What does ‘punctuation’ mean?
Rap music is also called ‘hip hop’.

G Hyphen (-)
We sometimes use hyphens in these structures.
Compound noun: eating ice-cream
Compound expression before a noun: an oven-ready meal
Noun formed from a phrasal verb: ready for take-off
Noun + -ing form: interested in rock-climbing
Before the last word of a compound number: a hundred and twenty-six people
After some prefixes: anti-aircraft guns
The rules about hyphens are not very exact. For example, you may see a compound noun
written as phonecard, phone-card or phone card. Hyphens are not very frequent in British
English, and they are used even less in American English. If you are unsure, it is usually safer

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 to write to separate words.

H Apostrophe (‘)
Look at these examples.
Today we’re going for a drive in the country.
Everyone is looking at Nick’s car.
We use an apostrophe (‘) in short forms, when there is a missing letter, e.g. we’re (= we are).
We also use an apostrophe with s to form the possessive of a noun, e.g. Nick’s car.

I Capital letters
There are two capital letters (big letters) in this sentence.
The boss said I could leave early.
We use a capital letter at the beginning of a sentence and for the word I.
We also use a capital letter to begin the names of people, places, companies, etc.
Mark and Sarah New Orleans the High Street General Motors
This includes the names of books, films, magazines, etc. All the important words start with a
capital letter.
The Spy Who Loved Me Four Weddings and a Funeral Newsweek
We also use a capital letter for days of the week, months of the year, holidays and festivals,
historical times, nationalities and most abbreviations.
Monday August Easter the Industrial Revolution the UN (= the United Nations)

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 Appendix 3: American English

The differences between British and American English are mainly matters of pronunciation
and vocabulary. There are also a few spelling differences such as British centre and colour
and American center and color. There are some grammatical differences. Although they are
not very great, those points that are most relevant to learners of English are explained here.

A Seem, look, etc.

Compare these examples.
BRITISH AMERICAN
In British English there can be a noun (e.g. Americans do not say She seemed a good pilot.
pilot) after appear, feel, look, seem and They use to be or like after these verbs.
sound. She seemed to be a good pilot.
She seemed (to be) a good pilot. OR She seemed like a good pilot.
It looks (to be) a lovely evening. It looks to be a lovely evening.
I felt a fool. OR It looks like a lovely evening.
I felt like a fool.

B Present Perfect and Past Simple

The British use the Present Perfect for recent Americans can use either the Present Perfect or
actions, and especially with just, already the Past Simple in these sentences.
and yet.
We’ve already eaten our lunch. We’ve already eaten our lunch.
I’ve just seen Elaine. OR We ate already our lunch.
Have you corrected your work yet? I’ve just seen Elaine.
OR I just saw Elaine.
Have you corrected your work yet?
OR Did you correct your work yet?

The British normally use the Present Perfect Americans normally use the Past Simple with
with ever and never, not the Past Simple. ever and never, but the Present Perfect is
Have you ever played cricket? possible.

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 The child has never seen snow before. Did you ever play baseball?
OR Have you ever played baseball?
The child never saw snow before.
OR The child has never seen snow before.
C Shall
The British use will for the future, but they Americans do not normally use shall for the
can also use shall in the first person. future.
I will/I shall be here tomorrow. I will be here tomorrow.
We will/ We shall contact you. We will contact you.
The British use shall to make an offer. Americans normally use should.
Shall I make the coffee? Should I make the coffee?
The British can use Shall we …? for a Americans do not normally use shall in
suggestion. suggestions.
Shall we go for a walk? How about a walk?
Would you like to take a walk?

D Got and gotten

Bothe have and have got are used in Britain and in the US.
He has a lot of money. / He’s got a lot of money.
The British do not use gotten. In the US, have gotten expresses an action.
He’s made a lot of money from his He’s gotten/made a lot of money from his
business activities. business activities.
Your driving has got better. Americans also use gotten meaning ‘become’.
Your driving has gotten better.

E Group nouns
In Britain a group noun can usually take In the US a group noun takes a singular verb.
either a singular or a plural verb. The crowd was getting restless.
The crowd was/were getting restless. Sweden plays Germany tomorrow.
Sweden plays/play Germany tomorrow.

F The
The British use the with a musical Americans can leave out the.
instrument. I can play piano/play the piano.

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 I can play the piano.
The British say in hospital. Americans say in the hospital.
My sister is still in hospital. My sister is still in the hospital.

G Numbers
The British use and between hundred and Americans can leave out and.
the rest of the number. six hundred twenty
six hundred and twenty OR six hundred and twenty

H Dates
There are a number of different ways of writing and saying dates, but these are the most
common.
BRITISH AMERICAN
23 June June 23
‘the twenty-third of June’ ‘June twenty-third’
‘June the twenty-third’

I Prepositions
There are some differences in prepositions.

BRITISH AMERICAN
round/around the village around the village
towards/toward the west toward the west
looking out of the window looking out the window/out of the window
outside the town outside the town/outside of the town

In American English there is a special use of through as a preposition of time.

He’ll be on the road from Tuesday to/till He’ll be on the road (from) Tuesday through
Friday. Friday.
They will stay in Brighton until the end of They will stay in Brighton through April.
April.
Note the prepositions after different.

BRITISH AMERICAN
This cup is different from/to the others. This cup is different from/than the others.

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 Compare these expressions.

BRITISH AMERICAN
in Bond Street on Fifth Avenue
at the weekend, at weekends on the weekend, on weekends
stay at home stay home
a player in the team a player on the team
ten minutes past four ten minutes past/after four
twenty to seven twenty to/of seven
write to me write me/write to me
talk to someone talk to/with someone
meet someone meet with someone

J Irregular verbs
In the past tense some verbs can have either an irregular -t ending or the regular -ed ending.
These verbs are burn, learn, smell, spell, spill and spoil.
The British prefer the -t ending, although ed Americans normally use -ed ending.
ending is also possible.
They burnt/burned the old sofa. They burned the old sofa.
You’ve spelt/spelled this word wrong. You’ve spelled this word wrong.
But we say e.g. a slice of burnt toast in both British and American English. In Britain the
verbs dream, lean and leap can be regular, or they can have a -t ending.
I dreamt/dreamed about you. I dreamed about you.

The verb dive is regular in Britain but can be irregular in the US.

Craig dived into the water. Craig dived/dove into the water.

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 Appendix 4: Word formation

A Introduction

Look at these examples.

Lots of people believe that God exists.
Lots of people believe in the existence of God.
Exist is a verb and existence is a noun. The word existence has two parts: exist- and -ence. We call
-ence a ‘suffix’. We add it to the end of the verb exist to from a noun.
We can also use suffixes to from verbs, adjectives and adverbs.
The system is being modernized. (= made modern)
I grew up in an industrial town. (= a town where there is a lot of industry)
The man was behaving strangely. (= in a strange way)
There are many different suffixes, such as -ence, -ize, -al, -ly, -tion and -ment. Some of them can
be used to form many different words. For example, there are a lot of nouns ending in -tion: action,
education, explanation, information, instruction, etc.

B Noun suffixes

-ment the prospects of reach an agreement

employment
-ion/-tion/-sion take part in a discussion increase steel production ask for permission
-ation/-ition an invitation to a party people’s opposition to the
idea
-ence/-ance a preference for houses a distance of ten miles
rather than flats
-ty/-ity no certainty that we shall keep the door locked for
succeed security
-ness people’s willingness to help recovering from illness
-ing enter a building reach an understanding

C Nouns for people

-er/-or The driver of the car A newspaper editor

-ist A place full of tourists A scientist doing an experiment
-ant/-ent An assistant to help with my work Students at the university

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-an/-ian Republicans and Democrats The electrician rewiring the house
-ee An employee of the company Notes for examinees
We also use -er for things, especially machines.
a hair-dryer, a food mixer, a cassette player

D Verb suffixes

Many verbs are formed by adding -ize or -ise to an adjective. Some are formed by adding -en.
-ize European safety rules are being standardized. They privatized the company.
-en They’re widening the road here. Meeting you has really brightened my
day.

E Adjective suffixes

Most of these adjectives are formed from nouns.

-al a professional musician Britain’s coastal waters
-ic a metallic sound a scientific inquiry
-ive an informative guidebook an offer exclusive to our readers
-ful a successful career feeling hopeful about the future
-less feeling hopeless about the future powerless to do anything about it
-ous guilty of dangerous driving luxurious holiday apartment
-y a rocky path the salty taste of sea water
-ly a friendly smile a very lively person
-able/-ible an acceptable error a comprehensible explanation

F Adverbs
-ly He looked around nervously. I moved here quite recently.

G Some common prefixes

anti- (=against) anti-government troops

inter- (=between) an international match
mini- (=small) a minicomputer

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mis- (=wrongly) mishear what someone says
multi- (=many) multicoloured lights
over- (=too much) overcrowded roads
post- (=after) the post-war world
pre- (=before) in prehistoric times
re- (=again) a reunion of old friends
semi- (=half) semi-skilled work
super- (=big) a huge new superstore
under- (=too little) underpaid work

H Negative prefixes

We can also use a prefix to form an opposite. For example, an opposite of clear is unclear. Un- is the
most common negative prefix.
dis- a dishonest way to behave disappear from the scene
il- (+ l) an illegal drug an illiberal attitude
im- (+ m or p) an impossible task an impolite question
in- an indirect route a great injustice
ir- (+ r) an irregular shape an irrelevant remark
non- non-alcoholic drinks a non-stop flight
un- an unusual event uncertain what to do
an uncomfortable chair unpack your suitcase

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