Match the manner of articulation with its definition.

Click on one of the words on the right. Click again to match it with the correct definition.

1. Creating continuous friction, or vibrations, by forcing air through a very narrow

space in the mouth - Fricative
Создание постоянного трения или вибрации путем пропускания воздуха через очень узкое пространство во рту

2. Air flows around the tongue on both sides -

Воздух обтекает язык с обеих сторон –
Lateral
3. Air flows through the nose, but not the mouth - Nasal
Воздух течет через нос, но не через рот –

4. Stopping the flow of air from the mouth and suddenly releasing it with continuous
friction at the place of articulation - Affricate
Остановка истечения воздуха изо рта и резкий выпуск его при непрерывном трении в месте сочленения -

5. These sounds are made with very little obstruction to the flow of air. Two
articulators might come close together, but they never actually touch
- Approximant
Эти звуки издаются при минимальном препятствовании потоку воздуха. Два артикулятора могут сблизиться, но на самом деле они
никогда не соприкасаются...

6. Stopping the flow of air from the mouth and suddenly releasing it -
Остановка потока воздуха изо рта и резкое его высвобождение –
Plosive

Approximant sounds Приблизительные звуки

Nasal sounds носовой
Fricative sounds Фрикативный
Lateral sounds Боковой
Plosive sounds взрывной
Affricate sounds Аффрикат

approximant
approximant, in phonetics, a sound that is produced by bringing one articulator in the
vocal tract close to another without, however, causing audible friction (see fricative).
Approximants include semivowels, such as the y sound in “yes” or the w sound in
“war.”
аппроксимант — в фонетике звук, который получается при сближении одного артикулятора речевого тракта с другим, не вызывая, однако,
слышимого трения (см. фрикативный). Аппроксиманты включают полугласные, например звук y в слове «да» или звук w в слове «война».

fricative
fricative, in phonetics, a consonant sound, such as English f or v, produced by bringing the
mouth into position to block the passage of the airstream, but not making complete closure, so that
air moving through the mouth generates audible friction. фрикативный, в фонетике, согласный звук, такой как английский f или v,
производимый путем приведения рта в такое положение, чтобы блокировать прохождение воздушного потока, но не полного закрытия, так что воздух, проходящий через рот,
вызывает слышимое трение.
Fricatives (also sometimes called “spirants”) can be produced with the same positions of the
vocal organs as stops; bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, and uvular consonants.
In addition to the f and v sounds, examples of fricatives in English are s as in “sitter,” z as in
“zebra,” and the two th sounds as in “think” and “this.”
Фрикативные звуки (также иногда называемые «спирантами») могут производиться при том же положении голосовых органов, что и остановки; двугубные, губно-зубные,
зубные, альвеолярные, небные, велярные и увулярные согласные. Помимо звуков f и v, примерами фрикативов в английском языке являются s в слове «сидеть», z в слове
«зебра», а два звука th — в словах «think» и «this».

affricate
affricate, a consonant sound that begins as a stop (sound with complete obstruction of
the breath stream) and concludes with a fricative(sound with incomplete closure
and a sound of friction). аффриката, согласный звук, начинающийся остановкой (звук с полным затруднением потока дыхания) и
заканчивающийся фрикативным звуком (звук с неполным закрытием и звуком трения).
Examples of affricates are
the ch sound in English chair, which may be represented phonetically as a t sound
followed by sh; the j in English jaw (a d followed by the zh sound heard in
French jour or in English azure); and the ts sound often heard in German and
spelled with z as in zehn, meaning ten.
Примерами аффрикатов являются звук ch в английском стуле, который фонетически может быть представлен как звук t, за которым следует sh; j в английской челюсти (ad, за
которым следует звук zh, который можно услышать во французском jour или в английском azure); звук ts часто можно услышать в немецком языке и пишется через букву z,
как в слове zehn, что означает десять.

lateral
lateral, in phonetics, a consonant soundproduced by raising the tip of the tongue against the roof
of the mouth so that the airstream flows past one or both sides of the tongue. The l sounds of
English, Welsh, and other languages are laterals. боковой, в фонетике, согласный звук, образующийся при подъёме кончика языка к нёбу
так, что воздушная струя проходит мимо одной или обеих сторон языка. Звуки l в английском, валлийском и других языках являются боковыми.

Manner of Articulation
Quick Navigation
Nasal
Stop
Fricative
Affricate
Approximant
Lateral

Nasal
Nasal consonants are created when you completely block air flow through your mouth and

let the air pass through your nose.

There are three nasal consonants in English.

 /m/ – “mad” and “clam” – oral passage is blocked by closing the lips (bilabial).
 /n/ – “no” and “man‘ – oral passage is blocked by pressing tongue tip against the
alveolar ridge (alveolar).
 /ŋ/ – “going” and “funk” – Oral passage is blocked by pressing the the back of your
tongue against the soft palate (velar).

Stop
Like nasal consonants, stop consonants occur when the vocal tract is closed completely. But

for stops the airflow is NOT redirected through the nose. Instead, the air quickly builds up

pressure behind the articulators and then releases in a burst.

English contains the following stop consonants.

 /p/ – purse and rap – oral passage is blocked by closing the lips (bilabial).
 /b/ – “back” and “cab” – oral passage is blocked by closing the lips (bilabial).
 /t/ – “tab” and “rat” – oral passage is blocked by pressing the tongue tip against the
alveolar ridge (alveolar)
 /d/ – “dip” and “bad” – oral passage is blocked by pressing the tongue tip against the
alveolar ridge (alveolar)
 /k/ – “kite” and “back” – block airflow with the back of the tongue against the soft
palate (velar).
 /g/ – “good” and “bug” – block airflow with the back of the tongue against the soft
palate (velar).

Fricative
While nasal and stop consonants involve a complete blockage of the vocal tract, fricative

sounds involve only a partial blockage of the vocal tract so that air has to be forced through a

narrow channel.
For example, you create a /t/ stop consonant when you block airflow completely with your

tongue against the alveolar ridge. But if you let up with the tongue a bit and let the air seep

through, you make an /s/ fricative consonant.

The English fricative sounds are as follows:

 /f/ – “fro” and “calf“- air is forced through the upper teeth and lower lip (labiodental)
 /v/ – “vine” and “have” – air is forced through the upper teeth and lower lip
(labiodental)

 /θ/ – “thick” and “bath” – air is forced through upper teeth and tongue (dental)
 /ð/ – “the” and “rather” – air is forced through upper teeth and tongue (dental)

 /s/ – “suit” and “bus” – air is forced through tongue and alveolar ridge (alveolar)
 /z/ – “zit” and “jazz” – air is forced through tongue and alveolar ridge (alveolar)

 /ʃ/ – “shot” and “brash” – air is forced through the tongue and point just beyond
alveolar ridge (post-alveolar)
 /ʒ/ – “vision” and “measure” – air is forced through the tongue and point just beyond
alveolar ridge (post-alveolar)

 /h/ – “happy” and “hope” – actually /h/ isn’t a fricative. It’s technically not even a real
consonant sound since there’s no constriction/obstruction of airflow.

Affricate
When stop consonants mix with fricative consonants, the result is an affricate consonant.

Affricate consonants start as stop sounds with air building up behind an articulator which

then releases through a narrow channel as a fricative (instead of a clean burst as stops do).

The English affricate sounds are:

 /tʃ/ – “chick” and “match” – air is blocked with tongue just beyond the alveolar ridge
(post-alveolar), then released as a fricative.
 /dʒ/ – “jam” and “badge” – air is blocked with tongue just beyond the alveolar ridge
(post-alveolar), then released as a fricative.

Approximant
Approximants are when two articulators come close together but not quite close enough to

create air turbulence.

The resulting sound is more like a fast vowel than anything else. For example, the /w/

approximant is like a fast /u/ sound (say /u/ + /aɪ/ really fast and you get the word “why”).

Notice how your tongue never actually comes in contact with the top of your mouth.

There are three English approximants:

 /w/ – “wet” and “howard” – back of tongue raises to velum (but not too close!) and
lips are rounded (velar)
 /j/ – “yes” and “bayou” – tongue raises to hard palate (but not too close!) (palatal)
 /ɹ/ – “right” and “roar” – tongue raises to hard palate (but not too close)
(alveolar/post-alveolar)

Lateral
Lateral consonants are when the tongue blocks the middle of your mouth so that air has to

pass around the sides. You create this when you

There is one lateral consonant in English

 /l/ – “luck”- place the tip of the tongue at the alveolar ridge (alveolar)
 1. Short monophthongs
/e/ as in pen
 /ə/ as in water (the last syllable)
/ʌ/ as in come
/æ/ as in ant
/ɒ/ as in not
/ɪ/ as in ink
/ʊ/ as un foot

 2. Long monophthongs
/ɜ:/ as in bird
/ɔː/ as in course
/ɑ:/ as in sharp
/i:/ as in meat
/u:/ as in moon

 3. Diphthongs
/ɪə/ as in dear
/ɔɪ/ as in oil
/eɪ/ as in game
/eə/ as in share
/ʊə/ as in tour
/əʊ/ as in go
/aɪ/ as in bike
/aʊ/ as in house

Hi All
Last night we finished unit 8
On Moodle is the unit 8 test and answers, and the board work from this week.
Homework is:
1/ one of the Proposals on page 88 (more information on Moodle in Week 4 about
Proposals)
2/ Page 89 exs 3 & 4
3/ Page 161 3. Impersonal reporting verbs (1-6)
Ken

Guesswork - |ˈɡeswɜːk| догадки, предположения

существительное
- догадки, предположения

by guesswork — наугад; наудачу

all this is not merely guesswork — все это не просто догадка

There's a lot of guesswork in these calculations В этих расчётах много предположений.