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ПРЕДМЕТНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЙ МОДУЛЬ
Теоретическая грамматика английского языка
рабочая программа дисциплины (модуля)
Закреплена за кафедрой английского языка
4 Итого
Курс
УП РПД УП РПД
Лекции 4 4 4 4
Практические 6 6 6 6
Итого ауд. 10 10 10 10
КСР 2 2 2 2
Контактная работа 12 12 12 12
Сам. работа 123 123 123 123
Часы на контроль 9 9 9 9
Итого трудоемкость в часах 144 144 144 144
стр. 2
Программу составил(и):
к.фил.н., зав. кафедрой, Вишнякова Елизавета Александровна
З.1 правила профессиональной этики и речевой культуры; конкретные составляющие культуры речи: ясности,
точности, нормированности, выразительности, логичности, эстетичности;стратегии языкового взаимодействия,
технологии поиска иноязычной учебной, научной информации, в том числе компьютерной, для осуществления
успешной устной и письменной коммуникации на иностранном языке в соответствии с темами, сферами и
ситуациями, связанными с данным этапом обучения
Уметь:
У.1 отбирать языковые средства в соответствии с коммуникативной установкой; использовать нормы изучаемого
языка для решения задач межличностного и межкультурного взаимодействия;
Владеть:
В.1 получать и обрабатывать устные и письменные аутентичные иноязычные тексты (аудирование и чтение),
продуцировать тексты в устной и письменной формах (говорение и письмо) в соответствии с тематикой обучения
5. ОЦЕНОЧНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ
Assignments
Assignment 1.
Translate the Following Terms into Russian and Comment on Their Essence:
Сompound derivatives, level of analysis, UCs (ultimate constituents), structural pattern, non-productive, polymorphic, word stem,
semi-affix.
Assignment 2.
Discriminate Between Productive Affixes of Germanic and Romanic Origin:
Мis-, -y, -en, -ize, -let, in-, -ess, -al, -ie, sub-, -ly, -ish, de-, -ate, -ness, -er, -ee.
Assignment 3.
Give Full Characteristics of the Affixes:
-Ship, -ly, pre-, -ism, -fold, super-, anti-, -ster.
Assignment 4.
State the Morphological Structure of the Words Below:
Ailment, fair-minded, unforgetfullness, headline, booklet, forget-me-not, window-shopping, waste-paper-basket.
Assignment 5.
Give the Primary Forms of Words:
Sheriff, always, lady, neighbour, breakfast, barn, elbow, lord, daisy, cupboard, window, husband, gossip, forehead.
WORD - BUILDING
1. Word composition.
. General characteristics of the process of compounding;
a. The criteria of compounds;
b. Specific features of English compounds;
c. Classification of compounds;
d. The historical development of English compounds.
2. Conversion.
The historical development of conversion in English;
Conversion in modern English as a morphological-syntactical way of word-building;
Traditional and occasional conversion;
Semantic relationships in conversion.
3. Minor ways of word-building.
Shortening;
Blending;
Onomatopoeia;
Back-formation;
Distinctive stress;
Sound interchange.
Questions
1. What is a compound word?
2. What structural types of compound words exist in English?
3. What is the difference between a compound word and a combination of words?
4. Which type of composition is productive in Modern English?
5. How old is conversion as a way of word-building?
6. How do you account for a high productivity of conversion in Modern English?
7. Why do we call conversion a morphological-syntactical way of word-building?
8. What serves as a word-building means in case of conversion?
9. What word is called a compound derivative?
стр. 6
10. What is the difference between a shortened word and its prototype?
Assignments
Assignment 1.
Analyse the Morphological Structure of the Following Words:
Мind-reader, woman, shortsightedness, egg-shell, always, Anglo-African, cabman, double-decker, reckless, hide-and-seek,
highway, salesman, radio-equipped, brick-paved, lord.
Assignment 2.
Discriminate Between Motivated and Non-motivated Compound Words:
Мicrofilm, master-key, brainwash, sweet-tooth, whores-marine, to speedread, backseat-driver, green-yellow, blackskirt,
frontbencher, brick-layer, lady-killer, handbag.
Assignment 3.
Form Verbs from the Nouns by Conversion and Compare Their Meaning with that of the Original Words:
Station, dog, back, star, fish, head, ass, pocket, face, man, rat.
Assignment 4.
Give Full Words of the Following Shortened Ones:
Pub, taxi, CIA, lb., UNESCO, dorm, id., ad., gap, specs, M. P., comfy, V-day, phiz, KKK, maths, NASA, UFO, mam, fancy, ad,
chap, i. e., van, dz.
Assignment 5.
Comment on the Formation of the Blends:
Good-bye, brunch, Irangate, republicrat, fruice, electrocute, flush, Nixonomics, zebrule, dollarature.
Assignment 6.
Give the Derivational Origin of the Following Words:
To spring-clean, to beg, to type-write, to enthuse, to burgle, to baby-sit, to edit, to orate, t o automate, to butle.
Assignment 7.
Comment on the Nature of the Following Onomatopoeic Words:
Ding-dong, buzz, croak, yelp, grumble, hiss, clap, tinkle, sizzle, bellow, boom, twitter, neigh, murmur, babble, grunt, bleet, jungle,
crash.
SEMASIOLOGY
1. Word meaning. Different approaches to the study of meaning.
2. Types of meaning. Lexical and grammatical meaning.
3. The semantic structure of words. Central and peripheral elements of it.
4. Denotational and connotational components of meaning, their constituents. Stylistic reference, evaluation, emotive
charge.
5. Word-meaning and motivation.
6. Semantic change. Linguistic and extra-linguistic causes of semantic change.
7. Types of semantic change:
a) Generalization of meaning;
b) Specialization of meaning;
c) Degradation (pejoration) of meaning;
d) Elevation (amelioration) of meaning.
11. Different types of semantic transfer (metaphoric and metonymic). Shifts of meaning through hyperbole, litotes, irony and
euphemism.
Questions
1. What are the main approaches to the study of word-meaning?
2. What is the structure of word-meaning?
3. What words are non-motivated?
4. Why do words change their meaning?
5. What is meant by plurality of meaning?
6. What are the basic types of semantic transfer?
Assignment 1.
Use the Following Terms in Sentences:
LSV, emotive charge, evaluative component, radiation, concatenation, basic meaning, split of polysemy, phonological motivation,
demotivation, pejoration, hyperbole, euphemism, connotational.
Assignment 2.
Characterize the Interrelation of Denotational and Connotational Components of meaning:
Abdomen, controversialist, oldie, algebraic, buck, beseech, brine, smartie, cycloid, drinko, departmentalism, trascendental.
Assignment 3.
Discriminate Between Different Types of Motivation:
Conventionalism, to howl, go-getter, cold, disreputable, sizzle, actor-manager, blackleg, eye, murmur, moon, coatless.
Assignment 4.
Comment on the Semantic Development of Words:
Starve, arrive, ready, style, camp, rival, girl, fowl, season, meat, pipe, write, hound.
Assignment 5.
Characterize Types of Semantic Changes in Words:
Knight, lord, villain, Tory, silly, nice, sad, clown, boor, steward, marshal, knave.
стр. 7
Assignment 6.
Explain the Logic of Semantic Transfer:
China, heaps of time, mouth of a cave, astrakhan, the best pen of his epoch, jeans, boicott, tongues of flame, a musical ear,
champaign, rising spirits, a Ford, not half as bad, to burn with a desire, madeira, bookworm, hooligan.
SEMASIOLOGY (cont.)
1. Polysemy and homonymy.
a) Classification of homonyms.
b) Sources of homonymy.
c) Etymological and semantic criteria of polysemy and homonymy.
2. Synonyms.
a) Semantic equivalence and synonymy.
b) Criteria of synonymy.
c) Sources of synonymy in English. Euphemisms.
d) Types of synonyms. The role of synonymy in the development of the vocabulary.
3. Semantic contrasts and antonymy.
Root antonyms and derivational antonyms.
4. Thematic groups and semantic fields.
5. Methods and procedures of semasiological analysis.
Questions
1. How can you account for a highly developed polysemy in English?
2. What elements form the semantic structure of polysementic words?
3. What are the main sources of homonymy in English?
4. How do we treat homonymy synchronically?
5. What are the main principles of classification of synonyms?
6. What are the basic criteria of synonymy?
7. What synonyms are called contextual?
8. What is the essense of the law of synonymic attraction?
9. How do you understand the terms “hyponym” and “hyperonym”?
10. What is a synonymic dominant?
Assignments
Assignment 1.
Comment on the Lexico-Semantic Variants of the Following Polysemantic Words:
Take, heart, letter, go, hand, do.
Assignment 2.
State the Development of Semantic Structure of the Following Words:
Sorrow, impression, guest, institute.
Assignment 3.
Give Perfect Homonyms to the Following Words, State Their Origin and Meaning:
Bill, pupil, spell, like, can, bat, fit.
Assignment 4.
Comment on the Origin of the Following Homonyms:
Flower - flour, rite – write - right, a bit - to bit, back – to back, box(1) – box(2), scene – seen, spring – to spring, capital (adj) –
capital (n), know – no, rear (1) – rear (2), love – to love, chest (1) – chest (2), case (1) – case (2), sea – see.
Assignment 5.
Give Antonyms to the Following Words and Discriminate between Their Types:
Ugly, legal, continue, fortunate, courage, slow, light, distinct, wet, frequent, kind, clean, painful, movable, use.
Assignment 6.
Define the Source of Synonymy:
To ask – to question – to interrogate, poor – unprivileged, girl – lass, vegetable – veg, pretty – bonny, heaven – sky, foe – enemy,
anxiety – anxiousness, house – residence, lodger – a paying guest.
Assignment 7.
Find Synonyms to the Following Words and State Their Types:
Disciple, shudder, sweat, heaven, warrior, holy, bare, bobby, mom, courage, dread, earth.
Assignment 8.
Discriminate between Synonyms in the Following Synonymic Groups and Point Out a Synonymic Dominant:
Anger – indignation – wrath – fire – rage – fury.
Mad – maniac(al) – crazy – crazed – insane – demented – deranged.
Apartment – flat – rooms – lodgings – chambers – quarters – tenement.
Assignment 9.
Explain the Usage of the Following Partial Synonyms:
Dear – expensive, frontier – border, mature – ripe, labyrinth – trap, mean – stingy.
PHRASEOLOGY
1. Phraseology as a branch of lexicology. Its theoretical basis.
2. Different approaches to the study of phraseological units in different linguistic schools.
3. The criteria of distinguishing phraseological units from free word combinations.
стр. 8
Questions
1. What is the difference between free word combinations and set expressions?
2. What are the most problematic aspects in the study of phraseological units?
3. In what way do phraseological units come to enrich the vocabulary of English?
4. How do we use phraseological units in actual speech?
5. Can we call phraseology a separate level of the language?
Assignments
Assignment 1.
Define the Source of Phraseological Units:
Cake and ale, an artful Dodger, a skeleton in the closet (cupboard), the lion’s share, what will Mrs. Grundy say?, to cast pearls
before swine, to carry coals to Newcastle, a marriage of convenience, to blow one’s own trumpet, baker’s dozen.
Assignment 2.
Classify the Following Phraseological Units According to Difference Principles Advanced by V. Vinogradov, N. Amosova, A.Kunin:
To rob the cradle, to oil one’s palm, to appear on the scene, high spirits, sharp as a razor, to open old wounds, a white elephant, to
swallow one’s words, maiden speech, small talk, a black sheep, the game is not worth the candle.
Assignment 3.
Dwell on the Extralinguistic Background of the Following Phraseological Units:
Beefeater, Christmas stockings, Jack the Ripper, April Fool, the mailed fist, fight like Kilkenny cats, Hobson’s choice, Barkis is
willin, The Swan of Avon, to grin like a Cheshire cat.
Assignment 4.
Outline the Situation in Which You Can Use the Following Proverbs and Sayings:
He will never set the Thames on fire.
Cut your clothes according to your cloth.
An empty bag cannot stand upright.
The Parts of Speech Problem. Grammatical Classes of Words
Points to discuss
1. The classical approach to the parts of speech problem.
2. The functional approach to the parts of speech problem.
3. The distributional approach to the parts of speech problem.
4. The complex approach to the parts of speech problem.
Questions for discussion
1. Define parts of speech. Can the term be considered a happy one?
2. Characterize the existing approaches to the parts of speech problem.
3. What does the classical approach consist in? What principle served as the
basis of classification?
4. What is the essence of the functional approach?
5. What principle was H. Sweet’s classification based on?
6. How is O. Jespersen’s classification different from the classification worked
out by H. Sweet?
7. Describe the structural approach. What methods did it rely on?
8. What principle lay in the basis of Ch. Fries’s classification? What were the
substitution patterns? How many classes did Ch. Fries single out? How
many groups of functional words?
9. What criteria are used by the adherents of the complex approach? What parts
of speech are traditionally singled out?
10. What are the merits and demerits of the traditional classification of words
into parts of speech?
11. What is the difference between notional classes and function words?
12. What results of the four approaches to the parts of speech problem coincide
and what results differ?
Practice Assignment
Decide to what part of speech the underlined words may be assigned:
1. He is given sight only after dusk, when he can witness his captors and
saviours. (M. Ondaatje)
2. They told him that it was in an old nunnery, taken over by the Germans, then
стр. 9
converted into a hospital after the Allies had laid siege to it. (M. Ondaatje)
3. Mason ceased talking, waiting for the doctor to say something. (E. S.
Gardner)
4. “They just want somebody to track him down. And you’re the somebody.”
(L. Thomas)
5. The smell of the dead is the worst. (M. Ondaatje)
6. Each night she climbed into the khaki ghostline of hammock she had taken
from a dead soldier, someone who had died under her care. (M. Ondaatje)
7. “Gerry, I didn’t know the real you. I’m sorry if I was a beast to you.” (D.
Robbins)
8. There was no justice for men, for they were ever in the dark! (J. Galsworthy)
9. They walked down a corridor, dark, smelly and sinister. (M. Ondaatje)
10. Mr. Bannock had a one-man office and I did all of the typing. (E. S.
Gardner)
11. Before, when it had been cold, they had had to burn things. (M. Ondaatje)
12. He was out most evenings now, usually returning a few hours before dawn.
(M. Ondaatje)
13. His eyes took in the room before they took her in, swept across it like a
spray of radar. (M. Ondaatje)
14. Julian Bannock interrupted her by shaking his head. (E. S. Gardner)
15. And she has seen, he knows, even though now he is naked, the same man
she photographed earlier in the crowded party, for by accident he stands the
same way now, half turned in surprise at the light that reveals his body in the
darkness. (M. Ondaatje)
16. As he repeatedly kicked the twisted metal, Langdon recalled his earlier
conversation with Sophie. (D. Brown)
17. Virginia, looking at the carbon copies now ragged at the edges from the
gnawing of mice, thinking of the care she had taken with those papers when
she had typed them, felt like crying. (E. S. Gardner)
18. I made it pretty clear that there was to be no nonsense about it. (B. Shaw)
19. He was suddenly aware that she had a good deal more than a pretty face and
a good figure. (A. Hailey)
20. It was a huge bedroom with rose tapestry, indirect lighting, a king-sized bed
with a telephone beside it, half a dozen comfortable chairs, an open door to a
bathroom and another door leading to the corridor. (E. S. Gardner)
Points to discuss
1. General characteristics of the noun.
2. The category of number.
3. The category of case.
4. The problem of gender.
5. The category of determination.
Questions for discussion
1. Characterize the noun as a part of speech. List its semantic, morphological
and syntactical properties.
2. Comment on various interpretations of number distinctions of the English
noun.
3. What meanings can the singular form express? What meanings can the
plural form express?
4. Comment on the existing approaches to the case system of the English noun.
5. Describe the category of case in terms of oppositions.
6. List the meanings of the genitive. Comment on the peculiarities of the
genitive case in English.
7. Give comments on the synonymic “encounter” of the ‘s-genitive and the of-
phrase.
8. Comment on the use of the group-genitive and double genitive in Modern
English.
9. Comment on the problem of gender. Does the category of gender exist in
Modern English? What ways of expressing gender distinctions exist in
English?
10. What differentiates the category of gender in English from that in Russian?
11. Comment on the linguistic status of the article.
Practice Assignment
I. State the meaning of the s-morpheme in each particular case:
Glass – glasses, look – looks, thrill – thrills, custom – customs, sand – sands, arm –
стр. 10
II. Give the plural form of the nouns in brackets. Group regular plurals into three
groups according to the way the plural-building morpheme is pronounced: 1) [s],
2) [z], 3) [ız].
1. There was a high dado of white wood and a green paper on which were
(etching) by Whistler in neat black (frame). The green (curtain) with their peacock
design, hung in straight (line), and the green carpet, in the pattern of which pale
(rabbit) frolicked among leafy (tree), suggested the influence of William Morris.
There was blue delft on the chimneypiece. At that time there must have been five
hundred (dining-room) in London decorated in exactly the same manner. (W. S.
Maugham)
2. I spent long (hour) in the Louvre, the most friendly of all galleries and the
most convenient for meditation; or idled on the (quay), fingering second-hand
(book) that I never meant to buy. I read a page here and there, and made
acquaintance with a great many (author) whom I was content to know thus
desultorily. In the (evening) I went to see my (friend). I looked in often on the
(Stroeve), and sometimes shared their modest fare. Dirk Stroeve flattered himself
on his skill in cooking Italian (dish), and I confess that his were very much better
than his (picture). It was a dinner for a King when he brought in a huge dish of it,
succulent with (tomato), and we ate it together with the good household bread and
a bottle of red wine. (W. S. Maugham)
III. State the kind of the genitive case that it used in the following sentences:
1. I’m picking up this woman’s messages? (D. Brown)
2. As a result she had acquired a horror of being less than completely sanitary
and in hot weather maintained a shuttle service between her desk and the
women’s toilet down the corridor. (A. Hailey)
3. The man leveled his gun at the curator’s head. (D. Brown)
4. The voice of Goldstein had become an actual sheep’s bleat, and for an
instant the face changed into that of a sheep. (G. Orwell)
5. A collection of the world’s most famous paintings seemed to smile down on
him like old friends. (D. Brown)
6. It was an old house that had been in her husband’s family for years. (F. S.
Fitzgerald)
7. He called the names out loud, speaking in French and then the tribe’s own
language. (M. Ondaatje)
8. These misgivings, this disapproval, and perfectly genuine distrust, did not
prevent the Forsytes from gathering to old Jolyon’s invitation. (J.
Galsworthy)
9. As she caught up with him the hospital’s elderly staff pathologist paused.
(A. Hailey)
10. “Monsieur Langdon?” a man’s voice said. (D. Brown)
Points to discuss
1. A general outline of the verb as a part of speech.
2. Classification of verbs.
3. The category of person.
4. The category of number.
5. The category of tense. Modern conceptions of English tenses.
6. The category of aspect.
7. The category of temporal correlation: traditional and modern approaches.
8. The category of voice.
Questions for discussion
1. Characterize the verb as a part of speech.
2. Speak about the existing classifications of verbs.
3. What is specific to the categories of person and number in English?
4. What does the immanent character of the category of tense imply?
5. What does the problem of the future tense consist in?
6. What are the weak points of the traditional “linear” interpretation of tenses?
7. What categorial meanings do continuous and non-continuous forms express?
стр. 11
Points to discuss
1. Non-finite forms of the verb: general characteristics.
2. The infinitive and its properties. The categories of the infinitive.
3. The gerund and its properties. The categories of gerund. Half-gerund.
4. The present participle and the past participle, their properties.
Questions for discussion
1. Comment on the opposition of finite and non-finite forms of the verb.
2. How are mixed features of non-finite forms of verb revealed?
3. What verbal and nounal features does the infinitive combine?
4. What is the difference between the marked and unmarked infinitive?
5. What is the so-called split infinitive?
6. What features characterize the gerund? What makes it different from the
infinitive?
7. What differentiates the participle from the infinitive and the gerund?
стр. 13
Practice Assignment
I. Analyze the form of verbals in the following sentences:
1. But now, with the main planning completed, the focus of attention was on
the practical matter of getting the money. (A. Hailey)
2. I will therefore briefly set down the circumstances which led to my being
connected with the affair. (A. Christie)
3. There are many questions before the older man admits having known her
before the war. (M. Ondaatje)
4. Crippled for ever, knowing he could never have any children, Clifford came
home to the smoky Midlands to keep the Chatterley name alive while he
could. (D. Lawrence)
5. It meant having to listen to the patient talk in his circuitous way, and the
young soldier was not used to remaining still and silent. (M. Ondaatje)
6. Having no near relations or friends, I was trying to make up my mind what
to do, when I ran across John Cavendish. (A. Christie)
7. The gin was wearing off, leaving a deflated feeling. (G. Orwell)
8. She looks in on the English patient, whose sleeping body is probably miles
away in the desert, being healed by a man who continues to dip his fingers
into the bowl made with the joined soles of his feet, leaning forward,
pressing the dark paste against the burned face. (M. Ondaatje)
9. He started pacing the floor. (E. S. Gardner)
10. Wise white fatherly men shook hands, were acknowledged, and limped
away, having been coaxed out of solitude for this special occasion. (M.
Ondaatje)
II. State the functions of the non-finite forms in the following sentences:
1. O’Donnell considered suggesting that the chairman leave him some time for
surgery, otherwise he might have trouble meeting his own quota. (A. Hailey)
2. I remember talking with his brother and telling him that the papers should be
kept. I remember now, I wanted him to keep the filing cases intact. (E. S.
Gardner)
3. Slim quiet Negroes passed up and down the street and stared at him with
darting side glances. He was worth looking at. (R. Chandler)
4. He had no wife or family and he spent four or five evenings a week in his
office, working until ten or eleven o'clock. But the modern idea of keeping
track of time by the hour just never occurred to him. (E. S. Gardner)
5. Then he looked quickly around to see if anyone was watching. (J. K.
Rowling)
6. Living alone and being independent grew on you after a while, and he
doubted sometimes if he could adjust to anything else. (A. Hailey)
7. We had a good yarn about old times, and it ended in his inviting me down to
Styles to spend my leave there. (A. Christie)
8. That too was a gesture belonging to the ancient time. (G. Orwell)
9. Having suffered so much, the capacity for suffering had to some extent left
him. (D. Lawrence)
10. So this was what it felt like, being Goyle.
11. It meant having to listen to the patient talk in his circuitous way, and the
young soldier was not used to remaining still and silent. (M. Ondaatje)
12. Langdon had always considered the Tuileries to be sacred ground. (D.
Brown)
13. At that adoring look he felt his nerves quiver, just as if he had seen a moth
scorching its wings. (J. Galsworthy)
14. George, on hearing the story, grinned. (J. Galsworthy)
15. There are many questions before the older man admits having known her
before the war. (M. Ondaatje)
The Adjective
Reading
Points to discuss
1. The adjective as a part of speech.
2. Classifications of adjectives.
3. The problem of the stative.
стр. 14
II. State the classification features of the adjectives in the following sentences:
1. Julia, smiling good-naturedly, looked at her with ingenuous eyes. (W. S.
Maugham)
2. He was tall and homely, wore horn-rimmed glasses, and spoke in a deep
voice. (J. Cheever)
3. She was very fond of him, but he was so elegant, so well-bred, so cultured,
she could not think of him as a lover. (W. S. Maugham)
4. He advanced with unmistakable authority on squat, powerful legs. (D.
Brown)
5. Surely there is not another language that is so slipshod and systemless, and
so slippery and elusive to the grasp. (M. Twain)
The Adverb
Points to discuss
1. The adverb as a part of speech.
2. Classifications of adverbs. Structural types of adverbs.
3. The problem of verb-adverb combinations.
Questions for the discussion
1. What is the categorial meaning of the adverb?
2. List the semantic, morphological and syntactic features of the adverb.
3. What classes of adverbs are traditionally singled out?
4. Where do the degree adverbs belong?
5. What does the problem of verb-adverb combinations consist in?
Practice Assignment
I. State from what part of speech the following adverbs were produced and name
the way of derivation:
touchingly naпve, strikingly beautiful, seemingly confused, vertically challenged,
to take anywhere, to behave drunkenly, to smile self-deprecatingly, to walk
upward, to be dressed old-fashionedly.
II. State the classification features of the adverbs in the following sentences:
1. She loved Michael more passionately than ever and would gladly have
married him there and then, but his good sense prevailed. (W. S. Maugham)
2. Ralph disentangled himself cautiously and stole away through the branches.
(W. Golding)
3. Before they had entirely stopped moving they opened again, violently,
outwards. (R. Chandler)
4. He was clambering heavily among the creepers and broken trunks when a
bird, a vision of red and yellow, flashed upwards with a witch-like cry; and
this cry was echoed by another. (W. Golding)
5. The Citroлn swerved left now, angling west down the park’s central
boulevard. (D. Brown)
3. The conjunction.
4. The particle.
5. The interjection.
Questions for discussion
1. What parts of speech belong to the class of functional words?
2. What does the preposition express? What classes of prepositions are singled
out?
3. What differentiates prepositions from subordinate conjunctions?
4. What does the conjunction express? What classes are conjunctions divided
into?
5. Characterize the particle and the interjection as parts of speech.
6. Can modal words be considered a separate part of speech?
Practice Assignment
State to what part of speech the underlined words belong:
1. ‘Oh, there you are, Mr. Poirot.’ (A. Christie)
2. “Come on in then. I ain’t had time to get cleaned up yet,” she whined.
“Cops, huh?” (R. Chandler)
3. Yet it was a very ordinary face and its prettiness was strictly assembly line.
(R. Chandler)
4. ‘Given her presents, perhaps?’— ‘Oh, no, sir, nothing of the kind.’ (A.
Christie)
5. Poirot felt almost certain that it was false. (A. Christie)
6. Outside, even through the shut window-pane, the world looked cold. (G.
Orwell)
7. It would have been inconceivably dangerous even if he had known how to
set about doing it. (G. Orwell)
8. The only aristocratic trait they could find in his character was a habit of
drinking Madeira. (J. Galsworthy)
9. If only it could be kept from him! (J. Galsworthy)
10. “I may as well tell you that I should have thrown it up, only I’m not in the
habit of giving up what I’ve set my mind on.” (J. Galsworthy)
Points to discuss
1. The phrase in the hierarchy of language units.
2. The structural and the semantic properties of the phrase.
3. Classifications of phrases.
4. Types of syntactic connections: coordination, subordination, accumulation.
5. Agreement and government as two main types of syntactic relations.
6. Adjoinment and enclosure as special means of expressing syntactic relations.
Questions for discussion
1. What is the phrase? What are the differential features of the phrase?
2. What parts of speech can function as head words?
3. What principle is the traditional classification of phrases based on?
4. Comment on different approaches to classifying phrases.
5. Comment on types of syntactic connections.
6. What does agreement as a syntactic relation consist in?
7. What differentiates government from agreement?
8. What makes adjoinment and enclosure special means of expressing syntactic
relations?
Practice Assignment
I. Define the properties of the following phrases:
For us to come; (made) him feel tired; denied the accusations; seriously
damaged; pride and prejudice; a wedding dress; naпve country (girls); to kiss
tenderly; over the net; beauty, grace, elegance; he runs; proud of the success; early
riser; perfectly sure; a feeling of disgust; rich in copper ore; love of God; (caught)
the boy snooping around; my old (shoes); the book falling out of her hands; junk
food; to stably reproduce; we trust; new blue (jacket); on the table.